The OpenMath Standard

Chapter 2
OpenMath Objects

In this chapter we provide a self-contained description of OpenMath objects. We first do so by means of an abstract grammar description (Section 2.1) and then give a more informal description (Section 2.2).

2.1 Formal Definition of OpenMath Objects

OpenMath represents mathematical objects as terms or as labelled trees that are called OpenMath objects or OpenMath expressions. The definition of an abstract OpenMath object is then the following.

2.1.1 Basic OpenMath objects

The Basic OpenMath Objects form the leaves of the OpenMath Object tree. A Basic OpenMath Object is of one of the following.

(i) Integer.
Integers in the mathematical sense, with no predefined range. They are "infinite precision" integers (also called "bignums" in computer algebra).
(ii) IEEE floating point number.
Double precision floating-point numbers following the IEEE 754-1985 standard [6].
(iii) Character string.
A Unicode Character string. This also corresponds to "characters" in XML.
(iv) Bytearray.
A sequence of bytes.
(v) Symbol.
A Symbol encodes two fields of information, a name and a Content Dictionary. Each is a sequence of characters matching a regular expression, as described below.
A Symbol encodes three fields of information, a symbol name, a Content Dictionary name, and (optionally) a Content Dictionary base URI, The name of a symbol is a sequence of characters matching the regular expression described in Section 2.3. The Content Dictionary is the location of the definition of the symbol, consisting of a name (a sequence of characters matching the regular expression described in Section 2.3) and, optionally, a unique prefix called a cdbase which is used to disambiguate multiple Content Dictionaries of the same name. There are other properties of the symbol that are not explicit in these fields but whose values may be obtained by inspecting the Content Dictionary specified. These include the symbol definition, formal properties and examples and, optionally, a Role which is a restriction on where the symbol may appear in an OpenMath object. The possible roles are described in Section 2.1.4.
(vi) Variable.
A Variable consists of must have a name which is a sequence of characters matching a regular expression, as described in Section 2.3.

2.1.2 Derived OpenMath Objects

Derived OpenMath objects are currently used as a way by which non-OpenMath data is embedded inside an OpenMath object. A derived OpenMath object is built as follows:

(i) If A is not an OpenMath object, then foreignA is an OpenMath foreign object. An OpenMath foreign object may optionally have an encoding field which describes how its contents should be interpreted.

2.1.3 CompoundOpenMath Objects

OpenMath objects are built recursively as follows.

(i) Basic OpenMath objects are OpenMath objects. (Note that derived OpenMath objects are not OpenMath objects, but are used to construct OpenMath objects as described below.)
(ii) If A1, …, An (n>0) are OpenMath objects, then application(A1, …, An) is an OpenMath application object.
(iii) If S1, …, Sn are OpenMath symbols, and A, A1, …, An, (n>0) are OpenMath objects, then A is an OpenMath object, and A1, …, An (n>0) are OpenMath objects or OpenMath derived objects, then attribution (A, S1 A1, … , Sn An) is an OpenMath attribution object.
and A is the object stripped of attributions. S1, …, Sn are referred to as keys and A1, …, An as their associated values. The operation of recursively applying stripping to the stripped object is called flattening of the attribution. When the stripped object after flattening is a variable, the attributed object is called attributed variable. If, after recursively applying stripping to remove attributions, the resulting un-attributed object is a variable, the original attributed object is called an attributed variable.
(iv) If B and C are OpenMath objects, and v1, …, vn (n ≥ 0) are OpenMath variables or attributed variables, then binding (B, v1, …, vn, C) is an OpenMath binding object.
(v) If S is an OpenMath symbol and A1, …, An (n ≥ 0) are OpenMath objects or OpenMath derived objects, then error (S, A1,…,An) is an OpenMath error object.

OpenMath objects that are contstructed via rules (ii) to (v) are jointly called compound OpenMath objects

2.1.4 OpenMath Symbol Roles

We say that an OpenMath symbol is used to construct an OpenMath object if it is the first child of an OpenMath application, binding or error object, or an even-indexed child of an OpenMath attribution object (i.e. the key in a (key, value) pair). The role of an OpenMath symbol is a restriction on how it may be used to construct a compound OpenMath object and, in the case of the key in an attribution object, a clarification of how that attribution should be interpreted. The possible roles are:

binder The symbol may appear as the first child of an OpenMath binding object.
attribution The symbol may be used as key in an OpenMath attribution object, i.e. as the first element of a (key, value) pair, or in an equivalent context (for example to refer to the value of an attribution). This form of attribution may be ignored by an application, so should be used for information which does not change the meaning of the attributed OpenMath object.
semantic-attribution This is the same as attribution except that it modifies the meaning of the attributed OpenMath object and thus cannot be ignored by an application, without changing the meaning.
error The symbol may appear as the first child of an OpenMath error object.
application The symbol may appear as the first child of an OpenMath application object.
constant The symbol cannot be used to construct an OpenMath compound object.

A symbol cannot have more than one role and cannot be used to construct a compound OpenMath object in a way which requires a different role (using the definition of construct given earlier in this section). This means that one cannot use a symbol which binds some variables to construct, say, an application object. However it does not prevent the use of that symbol as an argument in an application object (where by argument we mean a child with index greater than 1).

If no role is indicated then the symbol can be used anywhere. Note that this is not the same as saying that the symbol's role is constant.

2.2 Further Description of OpenMath Objects

Informally, an OpenMath object can be viewed as a tree and is also referred to as a term. The objects at the leaves of OpenMath trees are called basic objects. The basic objects supported by OpenMath are:

Integer

Arbitrary Precision integers.

Float

OpenMath floats are IEEE 754 Double precision floating-point numbers. Other types of floating point number may be encoded in OpenMath by the use of suitable content dictionaries.

Character strings

are sequences of characters. These characters come from the Unicode standard [12].

Bytearrays

are sequences of bytes. There is no "byte" in OpenMath as an object of its own. However, a single byte can of course be represented by a bytearray of length 1. The difference between strings and bytearrays is the following: a character string is a sequence of bytes with a fixed interpretation (as characters, Unicode texts may require several bytes to code one character), whereas a bytearray is an uninterpreted sequence of bytes with no intrinsic meaning. Bytearrays could be used inside OpenMath errors to provide information to, for example, a debugger; they could also contain intermediate results of calculations, or "handles" into computations or databases.

Symbols

are uniquely defined by the Content Dictionary in which they occur and by a name. In definition in Section 2.1 we have left this information implicit. However, it should be kept in mind that all symbols appearing in an OpenMath object are defined in a Content Dictionary. The form of these definitions is explained in Chapter 4. Each symbol has no more than one definition in a Content Dictionary. Many Content Dictionaries may define differently a symbol with the same name (e.g. the symbol union is defined as associative-commutative set theoretic union in a Content Dictionary set1 but another Content Dictionary, multiset1 might define a symbol union as the union of multi-sets). The name of a symbol can only contain alphanumeric characters and underscores. More precisely, a symbol name matches the following regular expression:

[A-Za-z] [A-Za-z0-9_]*

Notice that these symbol names are case sensitive. OpenMath recommends that symbol names should be no longer than 100 characters.

Variables

are meant to denote parameters, variables or indeterminates (such as bound variables of function definitions, variables in summations and integrals, independent variables of derivatives). Plain variable names are restricted to use a subset of the printable ASCII characters. Formally the names must match the regular expression:

[A-Za-z0-9=+(),-./:?!#$%*;=@[]^_`{|}]+

Derived OpenMath objects are constructed from non-OpenMath data. They differ from bytearrays in that they can have any structure. Currently there is only one way of making a derived OpenMath object.

Foreign: is used to import a non-OpenMath object into an OpenMath attribution. Examples of its use could be to annotate a formula with a visual or aural rendering, an animation, etc. They may also appear in OpenMath error objects, for example to allow an application to report an error in processing such an object.

The four following constructs can be used to make compound OpenMath objects out of basic or derived OpenMath objects.

Application

constructs an OpenMath object from a sequence of one or more OpenMath objects. The first argumentchild of an application is referred to as its "head" while the remaining objects are called its "arguments". An OpenMath application object can be used to convey the mathematical notion of application of a function to a set of arguments. For instance, suppose that the OpenMath symbol sin is defined in a suitable Content Dictionary, for trigonometry then application(sin, x ) is the abstract OpenMath object corresponding to sin (x ). More generally, an OpenMath application object can be used as a constructor to convey a mathematical object built from other objects such as a polynomial constructed from a set of monomials. Constructors build inhabitants of some symbolic type, for instance the type of rational numbers or the type of polynomials. The rational number, usually denoted as 1/2, is represented by the OpenMath application object application(Rational, 1, 2). The symbol Rational must be defined, by a Content Dictionary, as a constructor symbol for the rational numbers.

Figure 3.1 The OpenMath application and binding objects for sin (x ) and λ x.x + 2 in tree-like notation.

Binding

objects are constructed from an OpenMath object, and from a sequence of zero or more variables followed by another OpenMath object. The first OpenMath object is the "binder" object. Arguments 2 to n-1 are always variables to be bound in the "body" which is the nth argument object. It is allowed to have no bound variables, but the binder object and the body should be present. Binding can be used to express functions or logical statements. The function λ x.x +2, in which the variable x is bound by λ, corresponds to a binding object having as binder the OpenMath symbol lambda: binding(lambda, x , application(plus, x , 2)).

Phrasebooks are allowed to use α conversion in order to avoid clashes of variable names. Suppose an object Ω contains an occurrence of the object binding (B , v , C ). This object binding (B , v , C ) can be replaced in Ω by binding (B , z , C') where z is a variable not occurring free in C and C' is obtained from C by replacing each free (i.e., not bound by any intermediate binding construct) occurrence of v by z. This operation preserves the semantics of the object Ω. In the above example, a phrasebook is thus allowed to transform the object to, e.g. binding (lambda, v , binding (lambda, z ,application (times,z ,z))). binding(lambda, z , application(plus, z , 2)).

Repeated occurrences of the same variable in a binding operator are allowed. An OpenMath application should treat a binding with multiple occurrences of the same variable as equivalent to the binding in which all but the last occurrence of each variable is replaced by a new variable which does not occur free in the body of the binding. binding (lambda, v , v ,application (times,v ,v) ) is semantically equivalent to: binding (lambda , v' , v ,application (times,v ,v) ) so that the resulting function is actually a constant in its first argument (v' does not occur free in the body application (times,v ,v) )).

Attribution

decorates an object with a sequence of one or more pairs made up of an OpenMath symbol, the "attribute", and an associated OpenMath object, the "value of the attribute". The value of the attribute can be an OpenMath attribution object itself. As an example of this, consider the OpenMath objects representing groups, automorphism groups, and group dimensions. It is then possible to attribute an OpenMath object representing a group by its automorphism group, itself attributed by its dimension.

OpenMath objects can be attributed with OpenMath foreign objects, which are containers for non-OpenMath structures. For example a mathematical expression could be attributed with its spoken or visual rendering.

Composition of attributions, as in attribution(attribution(A, S1 A1,…,Sh Ah), Sh+1 Ah+1, …, Sn An) is semantically equivalent to a single attribution, that is attribution(A, S1 A1, …, Sh Ah, Sh+1 Ah+1, …, Sn An). The operation that produces an object with a single layer of attribution is called flattening.

Multiple attributes with the same name are allowed. While the order of the given attributes does not imply any notion of priority, potentially it could be significant. For instance, consider the case in which Sh = Sn (h < n) in the example above. Then, the object is to be interpreted as if the value An overwrites the value Ah. (OpenMath however does not mandate that an application preserves the attributes or their order.)

Attribution acts as either adornment annotation or as semantical annotation. When the key has role attribution, then replacement of the attributed object by the object itself is not harmful and preserves the semantics. When the key has role semantic-attribution then the attributed object is modified by the attribution and cannot be viewed as semantically equivalent to the stripped object. If the attribute lacks the role specification then attribution is acting as adornment annotation.

Objects can be decorated in a multitude of ways. In [3], typing of OpenMath objects is expressed by using an attribution. An example of the use of an adornment attribution would be to indicate the colour in which an OpenMath object should be displayed, for example attribution(A, colour red ). Note that both A and red are arbitary OpenMath objects whereas color is a symbol. An example of the use of a semantic attribution would be to indicate the type of an object. For example the object attribution(A, type t ) represents the judgment stating that object A has type t. Note that both A and t are arbitary OpenMath objects whereas type is a symbol.

Attribution can act as either annotation, in the sense of adornment, or as modifier. In the former case, replacement of the adorned object by the object itself is probably not harmful (preserves the semantics). In the latter case however, it may very well be. Therefore, attribution in general should by default be treated as a construct rather than as adornment. Only when the CD definitions of the attributes make it clear that they are adornments, can the attributed object be viewed as semantically equivalent to the stripped object.

Error

is made up of an OpenMath symbol and a sequence of zero or more OpenMath objects. This object has no direct mathematical meaning. Errors occur as the result of some treatment on an OpenMath object and are thus of real interest only when some sort of communication is taking place. Errors may occur inside other objects and also inside other errors. Error objects might consist only of a symbol as in the object: error (S ).

2.3 Names

The names of symbols, variables and content dictionaries must conform to the production Name specified in the following grammar (which is identical to that for XML names in XML 1.1, [16]). Informally speaking, a name is a sequence of Unicode [12] characters which begins with a letter and cannot contain certain punctuation and combining characters. The notation #x... represents the hexadecimal value of the encoding of a Unicode character. Some of the character values or code points in the following productions are currently unassigned, but this is likely to change in the future as Unicode evolves^*1.

^*1 We note that in XML 1 the name production explicitly listed the characters that were allowed, so all the characters added in versions of Unicode after 2.0 (which amounted to tens of thousands of characters) were not allowed in names.

Name → NameStartChar (NameChar)*

NameStartChar → ":" | [A-Z] | "_" | [a-z] | [#xC0-#xD6] | [#xD8-#xF6] |

[#xF8-#x2FF] | [#x370-#x37D] | [#x37F-#x1FFF] |

[#x200C-#x200D] | [#x2070-#x218F] | [#x2C00-#x2FEF] |

[#x3001-#xD7FF] | [#xF900-#xFDCF] | [#xFDF0-#xFFFD] |

[#x10000-#xEFFFF]

NameChar → NameStartChar | "-" | "." | [0-9] | #xB7 | [#x0300-#x036F] |

[#x203F-#x2040]

CD Base A cdbase must conform to the grammar for URIs described in [7]. Note that if non-ASCII characters are used in a CD or symbol name then when a URI for that symbol is constructed it will be necessary to map the non-ASCII characters to a sequence of octets. The precise mechanism for doing this depends on the URI scheme.

Note on content dictionary names It is a common convention to store a Content Dictionary in a file of the same name, which can cause difficulties on many file systems. If this convention is to be followed then OpenMath recommends that the name be restricted to the subset of the above grammar which is a legal POSIX [5] filename, namely:

Name → (PosixLetter | '_') (Char)*

Char → PosixLetter | Digit | '.' | '-' | '_'

PosixLetter → 'a' | 'b' | ... | 'z' | 'A' | 'B' | ... | 'Z'

Canonical URIs for Symbols To facilitate the use of OpenMath within a URI-based framework (such as RDF [19] or OWL [18]), we provide the following scheme for constructing a canonical URI for an OpenMath Symbol:

URI = cdbase-value + '/' + cd-value + '#' + name-value

So for example the URI for the symbol with cdbase http://www.openmath.org/cd, cd transc1 and name sin is:

http://www.openmath.org/cd/transc1#sin

In particular, this now allows us to refer uniquely to an OpenMath symbol from a MathML document [17]:

<mathml:csymbol xmlns:mathml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML/"
                definitionURL="http://www.openmath.org/cd/transc1#sin">
  <mo> sin </mo> 
</csymbol>

2.4 Summary

OpenMath supports basic objects like integers, symbols, floating-point numbers, character strings, bytearrays, and variables.
OpenMath compound objects are of four kinds: applications, bindings, errors, and attributions.
OpenMath objects may be attributed with non-OpenMath objects via the use of foreign OpenMath objects.
OpenMath objects have the expressive power to cover all areas of computational mathematics.

Observe that an OpenMath application object is viewed as a "tree" by software applications that do not understand Content Dictionaries, whereas a Phrasebook that understands the semantics of the symbols, as defined in the Content Dictionaries, should interpret the object as functional application, constructor, or binding accordingly. Thus, for example, for some applications, the OpenMath object corresponding to 2+5 may result in a command that writes 7.

Chapter 3
OpenMath Encodings

In this chapter, two encodings are defined that map between OpenMath objects and byte streams. These byte streams constitute a low level representation that can be easily exchanged between processes (via almost any communication method) or stored and retrieved from files.

The first encoding uses ISO 646:1983 characters [22] (also known as ASCII characters) and is an XML application. Although the XML markup of the encoding uses only ASCII characters, OpenMath strings may use arbitrary Unicode/ISO 10646:1988 characters [12]. It can be used, for example, to send OpenMath objects via e-mail, news, cut-and-paste, etc. The texts produced by this encoding can be part of XML documents.

The first encoding is a character-based encoding in XML format. In previous versions of the OpenMath Standard this encoding was a restricted subset of the full legal XML syntax. In this version, however, we have removed all these restrictions so that the earlier encoding is a strict subset of the existing one. The XML encoding can be used, for example, to send OpenMath objects via e-mail, cut-and-paste, etc. and to embed OpenMath objects in XML documents or to have OpenMath objects processed by XML-aware applications.

The second encoding is a binary encoding that is meant to be used when the compactness of the encoding is important (inter-process communications over a network is an example).

Note that these two encodings are sufficiently different for auto-detection to be effective: an application reading the bytes can very easily determine which encoding is used.

3.1 The XML Encoding

This encoding has been designed with two main goals in mind:

to provide an encoding that uses common character sets (so that it can easily be included in most documents and transport protocols) and that is both readable and writable by a human.
to provide an encoding that can be included (embedded) in XML documents or processed by XML-aware applications.

3.1.1 A GrammarSchema for the XML Encoding

The XML encoding of an OpenMath object is defined by the Relax NG schema [8] given below. Relax NG has a number of advantages over the older XSD Schema format [13], in particular it allows for tighter control of attributes and has a modular, extensible structure. Although we have made the XML form, which is given in Appendix B, normative, it is generated from the compact syntax given below. It is also very easy to restrict the schema to allow a limited set of OpenMath symbols as described in Appendix C.

Standard tools exist for generating a DTD or an XSD schema from a Relax NG Schema. Examples of such documents are given in Appendix E and Appendix D, respectively.

# RELAX NG Schema for OpenMath 2


default namespace om = "http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath"

start = OMOBJ

# OpenMath object constructor
OMOBJ = element OMOBJ { compound.attributes,
                        attribute version { xsd:string }?,
                        omel }


# Elements which can appear inside an OpenMath object
omel = 
  OMS | OMV | OMI | OMB | OMSTR | OMF | OMA | OMBIND | OME | OMATTR |OMR

# things which can be variables
omvar = OMV | attvar

attvar = element OMATTR { common.attributes,(OMATP , (OMV | attvar))}


cdbase = attribute cdbase { xsd:anyURI}?

# attributes common to all elements
common.attributes = (attribute id { xsd:ID })?

# attributes common to all elements that construct compount OM objects.
compound.attributes = common.attributes,cdbase

# symbol
OMS = element OMS { common.attributes,
                    attribute name { xsd:NCName},
                    attribute cd { xsd:NCName},
                    cdbase }

# variable
OMV = element OMV { common.attributes,
                    attribute name { xsd:NCName} }

# integer
OMI = element OMI { common.attributes,
                    xsd:string {pattern = "\s*(-\s?)?[0-9]+(\s[0-9]+)*\s*"}}
# byte array
OMB = element OMB { common.attributes, xsd:base64Binary }

# string
OMSTR = element OMSTR { common.attributes, text }

# IEEE floating point number
OMF = element OMF { common.attributes,
                    ( attribute dec { xsd:double } |
                      attribute hex { xsd:string {pattern = "[0-9A-F]+"}}) }

# apply constructor
OMA = element OMA { compound.attributes, omel+ }

# binding constructor 
OMBIND = element OMBIND { compound.attributes, omel, OMBVAR, omel }

# variables used in binding constructor
OMBVAR = element OMBVAR { common.attributes, omvar+ }

# error constructor
OME = element OME { common.attributes, OMS, (omel|OMFOREIGN)* }

# attribution constructor and attribute pair constructor
OMATTR = element OMATTR { compound.attributes, OMATP, omel }

OMATP = element OMATP { compound.attributes, (OMS, (omel | OMFOREIGN) )+ }

# foreign constructor
OMFOREIGN =  element OMFOREIGN {
    compound.attributes, attribute encoding {xsd:string}?,
   (omel|notom)* }

# Any elements not in the om namespace
# (valid om is allowed as a descendant)
notom =
  (element * - om:* {attribute * { text }*,(omel|notom)*}
   | text)

# reference constructor
OMR = element OMR { common.attributes,
                    attribute href { xsd:anyURI }
                  }

the XML encoding of an OpenMath object is defined by the dtd given in Figure 4.1 below with the following additional rules not implied by the XML DTD.

Comments are permitted only between elements, not within element character data.
Processing Instructions are only allowed before the OMOBJ element.
The content of an OMB element, is a valid base64-encoded text.
The character data forming element content and attribute values matches the regular expressions of para .

DTD for the OpenMath XML encoding of objects.

<!-- DTD for OM Objects - sb 29.10.98 -->
<!-- sb 3.2.99 -->

<!--
     general list of embeddable elements
      : excludes OMATP as this is only embeddable in OMATTR
      : excludes OMBVAR as this is only embeddable in OMBIND
-->

<!ENTITY % omel "OMS | OMV | OMI | OMB | OMSTR
                                | OMF | OMA | OMBIND | OME
                                | OMATTR | ">


<!-- things which can be variables -->

<!ENTITY % omvar "OMV | OMATTR" >



<!-- symbol -->
<!ELEMENT OMS EMPTY>

  <!ATTLIST OMS 
              name CDATA #REQUIRED
              cd CDATA #REQUIRED >

<!-- variable -->
<!ELEMENT OMV EMPTY>
<!ATTLIST OMV  
              name CDATA #REQUIRED >

<!-- integer -->
<!ELEMENT OMI (#PCDATA) >


<!-- byte array -->
<!ELEMENT OMB (#PCDATA) >


<!-- string -->
<!ELEMENT OMSTR (#PCDATA) >


<!-- floating point -->
<!ELEMENT OMF EMPTY>
<!ATTLIST OMF  
              dec CDATA #IMPLIED
               hex CDATA #IMPLIED>

<!-- apply constructor -->
<!ELEMENT OMA (%omel;)+ >



<!-- binding constructor & bound variables -->
<!ELEMENT OMBIND ((%omel;), OMBVAR, (%omel;)) >


<!ELEMENT OMBVAR (%omvar;)+ >


<!-- error -->
<!ELEMENT OME (OMS, (%omel;)* ) >


<!-- attribution constructor & attribute pair constructor -->
<!ELEMENT OMATTR (OMATP, (%omel;)) >


<!ELEMENT OMATP (OMS, (%omel;))+ >




<!-- OM object constructor -->
<!ELEMENT OMOBJ (%omel;) >
<!ATTLIST OMOBJ 
                xlmns:xlink CDATA #FIXED 'http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'>

In addition, if the XML document encoding the OpenMath object is linearised into the XML concrete syntax, the following further constraints apply, which ensure that the encoding may be read by OpenMath applications that may not include a full XML parser.

The document should use UTF-8 encoding.
A <!DOCTYPE declaration should not be used.
Character references should not be used. As <!DOCTYPE is not used, the only entity references that are allowed are the five predefined entity references: ' ('), " ("), < (<), > (>), & (&).
The XML empty element form <|#8230;/> should always be used to encode elements such as OMF which are specified in the DTD as being EMPTY. It should never be used for elements that may sometimes be empty, such as OMSTR.

Such a linearisation of an XML encoded OpenMath Object would match the match the character based grammar given in para .

The notation used in this section and in para should be quite straightforward (+ meaning "one or more", ? meaning zero or one, and | meaning "or"). The start symbol of the grammar is "start", "space" stands for the space character, "cr" for the carriage return character, "nl" for the line feed character and "tab" for the horizontal tabulation character.

Grammar for the XML encoding of OpenMath objects.

S → (space | tab | cr | nl)+

integer → (- S?)? [0-9]+ (S [0-9]+)* | (- S?)? x S? [0-9A-F]+ (S [0-9A-F]+)*

cdname → [a-z][a-z0-9_]*

symbname → [A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_]*

fpdec → (-?)([0-9]+)?(.[0-9]+)?(e([+-]?)[0-9]+)?

fphex → [0-9ABCDEF]+

varname → ([A-Za-z0-9+=(),-./:?!#$%*;@[]^_`{|}])+

base64 → ([A-Za-z0-9 +/=] | S)+

char → XML Character Data

symbnameatt → name S? = S? (" symbname " | ' symbname ')

cdnameatt → cd S? = S? (" cdname " | ' cdname ')

varnameatt → name S? = S? (" varname " | ' varname ')

fpdecatt → dec S? = S? (" fpdec " | ' fpdec ')

fphexatt → hex S? = S? (" fphex " | ' fphex ')

PI → <? char ?>

comment → <!-- char -->

SC → S+ | (comment S)+

start → (SC | PI)* <OMOBJ S?> S? object S? </OMOBJ S?>

symbol → <OMS [[(S symbnameatt) (S cdnameatt) ]] S? />

variable → <OMV varnameatt S? />

| <OMATTRx S?> SC? omatp SC? variable SC? </OMATTR S?>

omatp → <OMATP S?> SC? attrs SC? </#1 S?>

object → symbol

| variable

| <OMI S > S? integer S? </OMI S?>

| <OMF S fpdecatt S?/>

| <OMF S fphexatt S?/>

| <OMSTR S?> char </OMSTR S?>

| <OMB S?> base64 </OMB S?>

| <OMA S?> SC? object SC? objects SC? </OMA S?>

| <OMBIND S?> SC? object SC?

<OMBVAR S?> SC? variables SC? </OMBVAR S?>

SC? object SC? </OMBIND S?>

| <OME S?> SC? symbol SC? objects SC? </OME S?>

| <OMATTR S?> SC? <OMATP S?> SC? attrs SC? </OMBVAR S?>

SC? object SC? </OMATTR S?>

attrs → symbol S? object

| symbol S? object S? attrs

objects → SC?

| object SC? objects

variables → SC?

| variable SC? variables

Note: This schema specifies names as being of the xsd:NCName type. At the time of writing, W3C Schema types are defined in terms of XML 1 [15]. This limits the characters allowed in a name to a subset of the characters available in Unicode 2.0, which is far more restrictive than the definition for an OpenMath name given in Section 2.3. It is expected that W3C Schema types will be augmented to match the new XML 1.1 recommendation [16], but for portability reasons applications should avoid using the new XML 1.1 name characters unless they are absolutely required. The XML 1.1 specification has a useful appendix giving advice on good strategies to use when naming identifiers.

3.1.2 Informal description of the GrammarXML Encoding

An encoded OpenMath object is placed inside an OMOBJ element. This element can contain the elements (and integers) described above. It can take an optional version (XML) attribute which indicates to which version of the OpenMath standard it conforms. In previous versions of this standard this attribute did not exist, so any OpenMath object without such an attribute must conform to version 1 (or equivalently 1.1) of the OpenMath standard. Objects which conform to the description given in this document should have version="2.0".

We briefly discuss the XML encoding for each type of OpenMath object starting from the basic objects.

Integers

are encoded using the OMI element around the sequence of their digits in base 10 or 16 (most significant digit first). White space may be inserted between the characters of the integer representation, this will be ignored. After ignoring white space, integers written in base 10 match the regular expression -?[0-9]+. Integers written in base 16 match -?x[0-9A-F]+. The integer 10 can be thus encoded as <OMI> 10 </OMI> or as <OMI> xA </OMI> but neither <OMI> +10 </OMI> nor <OMI> +xA </OMI> can be used.

The negative integer -120 can be encoded as either as decimal <OMI> -120 </OMI> or as hexadecimal <OMI> -x78 </OMI>.

Symbols

are encoded using the OMS element. This element has two three (XML) attributes cd, name, and cdbase. The value of cd is the name of the Content Dictionary in which the symbol is defined and the value of name is the name of the symbol. The optional cdbase attribute is a URI that can be used to disambiguate between two content dictionaries with the same name. If a symbol does not have an explicit cdbase attribute, then it inherits its cdbase from the first ancestor in the XML tree with one, should such an element exist. In this document we have tended to omit the cdbase for clarity. The name of the Content Dictionary is compulsory, but a future revision of the OpenMath standard might introduce a defaulting mechanism. For example:

<OMS cd="transc" name="sin"/>

<OMS cdbase="http://www.openmath.org/cd" cd="transc1" name="sin"/>

is the encoding of the symbol named sin in the Content Dictionary named transc1, which is part of the collection maintained by the OpenMath Society.

As described in Section 2.3, the three attributes of the OMS can be used to build a URI reference for the symbol, for use in contexts where URI-based referencing mechanisms are used. For example the URI for the above symbol is http://www.openmath.org/cd/transc1#sin.

Note that the role attribute described in Section 2.1.4 is contained in the Content Dictionary and is not part of the encoding of a symbol, also the cdbase attribute need not be explicit on each OMS as it is inherited from any ancestor element.

Variables

are encoded using the OMV element, with only one (XML) attribute, name, whose value is the variable name. The variable name is a subset of the printable ASCII set of characters. In particular, neither spaces nor double-quote " are allowed in variable names. For instance, the encoding of the object representing the variable x is: <OMV name="x"/>

Floating-point numbers

are encoded using the OMF element that has either the (XML) attribute dec or the (XML) attribute hex. The two (XML) attributes cannot be present simultaneously. The value of dec is the floating-point number expressed in base 10, using the common syntax:

(-?)([0-9]+)?("."[0-9]+)?([eE](-?)[0-9]+)?.

or one of the special values: INF, -INF or NaN.

The value of hex is a base 16 representation of the 64 bits of the IEEE Double. Thus the number represents mantissa, exponent, and sign from lowest to highest bits using a least significant byte ordering. This consists of a string of 16 digits 0-9, A-F.

For example, both <OMF dec="1.0e-10"/> and <OMF hex="3DDB7CDFD9D7BDBB"/> are valid representations of the floating point number 1× 10-10.

The symbols INF, -INF and NaN represent positive and negative infinity, and not a number as defined in [6]. Note that while infinities have a unique representation, it is possible for NaNs to contain extra information about how they were generated and if this informations is to be preserved then the hexadecimal representation must be used. For example <OMF hex="FFF8000000000000"/> and <OMF hex="FFF8000000000001"/> are both hexadecimal representations of NaNs.

Character strings

are encoded using the OMSTR element. Its content is a Unicode text (The default encoding is UTF-8[25], although XML encoded OpenMath may be embedded in a containing XML document that specifies alternative encoding in the XML declaration. Note that as always in XML the characters < and & need to be represented by the entity references < and & respectively.

Bytearrays

are encoded using the OMB element. Its content is a sequence of characters that is a base64 encoding of the data. The base64 encoding is defined in RFC 1521 [26] 2045 [1]. Basically, it represents an arbitrary sequence of octets using 64 "digits" (A through Z, a through z, 0 through 9, + and /, in order of increasing value). Three octets are represented as four digits (the = character is used for padding at the end of the data). All line breaks and carriage return, space, form feed and horizontal tabulation characters are ignored. The reader is referred to [26] [1] for more detailed information.

In detail the encoding of an OpenMath object is described below.

Applications

are encoded using the OMA element. The application whose head is the OpenMath object e0 and whose arguments are the OpenMath objects e1, …, en is encoded as <OMA> C0 C1… Cn </OMA> where Ci is the encoding of ei.

For example, application(sin,x ) is encoded as:

<OMA>  
  <OMS cd="transc1" name="sin"/> 
  <OMV name="x"/>  
</OMA>

provided that the symbol sin is defined to be a function symbol in a Content Dictionary named transc1.

Binding

is encoded using the OMBIND element. The binding by the OpenMath object b of the OpenMath variables x1, x2, …, xn in the object c is encoded as <OMBIND> B <OMBVAR> X1 … Xn </OMBVAR> C </OMBIND> where B, C, and Xi are the encodings of b, c and xi, respectively.

For instance the encoding of binding (lambda, x,application (sin, x)) is:

<OMBIND>
  <OMS cd="fns1" name="lambda"/>  
  <OMBVAR><OMV name="x"/></OMBVAR>  
  <OMA>
    <OMS cd="transc1" name="sin"/> 
    <OMV name="x"/>  
  </OMA>
</OMBIND>

Binders are defined in Content Dictionaries, in particular, the symbol lambda is defined in the Content Dictionary fns1 for functions over functions.

Attributions

are encoded using the OMATTR element. If the OpenMath object e is attributed with (s1, e1), …, (sn, en) pairs (where si are the attributes), it is encoded as <OMATTR> <OMATP> S1 C1 … Sn Cn </OMATP> E </OMATTR> where Si is the encoding of the symbol si, Ci of the object ei and E is the encoding of e.

Examples are the use of attribution to decorate a group by its automorphism group:

<OMATTR>    
  <OMATP>
    <OMS cd="groups" name="automorphism_group" />  
    [..group-encoding..] 
  </OMATP>  
  [..group-encoding..] 
</OMATTR>

or to express the type of a variable:

<OMATTR>    
  <OMATP>
    <OMS cd="ecc" name="type" /> 
    <OMS cd="ecc" name="real" />
  </OMATP> 
  <OMV name="x" />
</OMATTR>

A special use of attributions is to associate non-OpenMath data with an OpenMath object. This is done using the OMFOREIGN element. The children of this element must be well-formed XML. For example the attribution of the OpenMath object sinx with its representation in Presentation MathML is:

<OMATTR>
  <OMATP>
    <OMS cd="annotations1" name="presentation-form"/>  
    <OMFOREIGN encoding="MathML-Presentation">
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
        <mi>sin</mi><mfenced><mi>x</mi></mfenced>
      </math>
    </OMFOREIGN>  
  </OMATP>
  <OMA>
   <OMS cd="transc1" name="sin"/> 
   <OMV name="x"/>  
  </OMA>
</OMATTR>

Of course not everything has a natural XML encoding in this way and often the contents of a OMFOREIGN will just be data or some kind of encoded string. For example the attribution of the previous object with its LaTeX representation could be achieved as follows:

<OMATTR>
  <OMATP>
    <OMS cd="annotations1" name="presentation-form"/>  
    <OMFOREIGN encoding="text/x-latex">\sin(x)</OMFOREIGN>  
  </OMATP>
  <OMA>
    <OMS cd="transc1" name="sin"/> 
    <OMV name="x"/>  
  </OMA>
</OMATTR>

For a discussion on the use of the encoding attribute see Section 5.2.

Errors

are encoded using the OME element. The error whose symbol is s and whose arguments are the OpenMath objects or OpenMath derived objects e1, …, en is encoded as <OME> Cs C1… Cn </OME> where Cs is the encoding of s and Ci the encoding of ei.

If an aritherror Content Dictionary contained a DivisionByZero symbol, then the object error(DivisionByZero, application (divide, x, 0)) would be encoded as follows:

<OME>
  <OMS cd="aritherror" name="DivisionByZero"/>  
  <OMA>
    <OMS cd="arith1" name="divide" />
    <OMV name="x"/>  
    <OMI> 0 </OMI>
  </OMA> 
 </OME>

If a mathml Content Dictionary contained an unhandled_csymbol symbol, then an OpenMath to MathML translator might return an error such as:

<OME>
  <OMS cd="mathml" name="unhandled_csymbol"/>  
  <OMFOREIGN encoding="MathML-Content">
    <mathml:csymbol xmlns:mathml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML/"
                    definitionURL="http://www.nag.co.uk/Airy#A">
      <mathml:mo>Ai</mathml:mo>
    </mathml:csymbol>
  </OMFOREIGN> 
 </OME>

Note that it is possible to embed fragments of valid OpenMath inside an OMFOREIGN element but that it cannot contain invalid OpenMath. In addition, the arguments to an OMERROR must be well-formed XML. If an application wishes to signal that the OpenMath it has received is invalid or is not well-formed then the offending data must be encoded as a string. For example:

<OME>
  <OMS cd="parser" name="invalid_XML"/>  
  <OMSTR>
    &ltOMA&gt; &lt;OMS name="cos" cd="transc1"&gt;
      &lt;OMV name="v"&gt; &lt;/OMA&gt;
  </OMSTR> 
 </OME>

Note that the "<" and ">" characters have been escaped as is usual in an XML document.

References

OpenMath integers, floating point numbers, character strings, bytearrays, applications, binding, attributions can also be encoded as an empty OMR element with an href attribute whose value is the value of a URI referencing an id attribute of an OpenMath object of that type. The OpenMath element represented by this OMR reference is a copy of the OpenMath element referenced href attribute. Note that this copy is structurally equal, but not identical to the element referenced. These URI refererences will often be relative, in which case they are resolved using the base URI of the document containing the OpenMath.

For instance, the OpenMath object application ( f , application ( f , application ( f,a,a ) , application ( f,a,a ) ) , application ( f , application ( f,a,a ) , application ( f,a,a ) ) )

can be encoded in the XML encoding as either one of the XML encodings given in Figure 4.1 (and some intermediate versions as well).

<OMOBJ version="2.0">         <OMOBJ version="2.0">
  <OMA>                         <OMA>
    <OMV name="f"/>               <OMV name="f"/> 
    <OMA>                         <OMA id="t1">
      <OMV name="f"/>               <OMV name="f"/>
      <OMA>                         <OMA id="t11">
        <OMV name="f"/>               <OMV name="f"/>
        <OMV name="a"/>               <OMV name="a"/>
        <OMV name="a"/>               <OMV name="a"/>
      </OMA>                        </OMA>
      <OMA>                         <OMR href="#t11"/>
        <OMV name="f"/>
        <OMV name="a"/> 
        <OMV name="a"/>
      </OMA>                                
    </OMA>                      </OMA>
    <OMA>                       <OMR href="#t1"/>
      <OMV name="f"/>
      <OMA>
        <OMV name="f"/>
        <OMV name="a"/>
        <OMV name="a"/>
      </OMA>
      <OMA>
        <OMV name="f"/>
        <OMV name="a"/>
        <OMV name="a"/>
      </OMA>
    </OMA>
  </OMA>
</OMOBJ>                     </OMOBJ>

Figure 4.1 Shared vs. unshared representations

3.1.3 Some Notes on References

We say that an OpenMath element dominates all its children and all elements they dominate. An OMR element dominates its target, i.e. the element that carries the id attribute pointed to by the xref attribute. For instance in the representation in Figure 4.1, the OMA element with id="t1" and also the second OMR dominate the OMA element with id="t11".

3.1.3.1 An Acyclicity Constraint

The occurrences of the OMR element must obey the following global acyclicity constraint: An OpenMath element may not dominate itself.

Consider for instance the following (illegal) XML representation

<OMOBJ version="2.0">
  <OMA id="foo">
    <OMS cd="arith1" name="divide"/>
    <OMI>1</OMI>
    <OMA>
       <OMS cd="arith1" name="plus"/>
       <OMI>1</OMI>
       <OMR xref="foo"/>
    </OMA> 
  </OMA>
</OMOBJ>

Here, the OMA element with id="foo" dominates its third child, which dominates the OMR element, which dominates its target: the element with id="foo". So by transitivity, this element dominates itself, and by the acyclicity constraint, it is not the XML representation of an OpenMath element. Even though it could be given the interpretation of the continued fraction 1 1 + 1 1 + 1... this would correspond to an infinite tree of applications, which is not admitted by the structure of OpenMath objects described in Chapter 2.

Note that the acyclicity constraints is not restricted to such simple cases, as the example in Figure 4.2 shows.

<OMOBJ version="2.0">                   <OMOBJ version="2.0">
  <OMA id="bar">                         <OMA id="baz">
    <OMS cd="arith1" name="plus"/>         <OMS cd="arith1" name="plus"/>
    <OMI>1</OMI>                           <OMI>1</OMI>
    <OMR xref="baz"/>                      <OMR xref="bar"/>
  </OMA>                                 </OMA>
</OMOBJ>                               </OMOBJ>

Figure 4.2 Sharing between OpenMath objects (A cycle of order 2).

Here, the OMA with id="bar" dominates its third child, the OMR with xref="baz", which dominates its target OMA with id="baz", which in turn dominates its third child, the OMR with xref="bar", this finally dominates its target, the original OMA element with id="bar". So this pair of OpenMath objects violates the acyclicity constraint and is not the XML representation of an OpenMath object.

3.1.3.2 Sharing and Bound Variables

Note that the OMR element is a syntactic referencing mechanism: an OMR element stands for the exact XML element it points to. In particular, referencing does not interact with binding in a semantically intuitive way, since it allows for variable capture. Consider for instance the following XML representation:

<OMBIND id="outer">
  <OMS cd="fns1" name="lambda"/>
  <OMBVAR><OMV name="X"/></OMBVAR>
  <OMA>
    <OMV name="f"/>
    <OMBIND id="inner">
      <OMS cd="fns1" name="lambda"/>
      <OMBVAR><OMV name="X"/></OMBVAR>
      <OMR id="copy" href="#orig"/>
    </OMBIND>
    <OMA id="orig"><OMV name="g"/><OMV name="X"/></OMA>
  </OMA>
</OMBIND>

it represents the OpenMath object binding ( λ , X , application ( f , binding ( λ , X , application ( g , X ) ) , application ( g , X ) ) which has two sub-terms of the form application ( g , X ) , one with id="orig" (the one explicitly represented) and one with id="copy", represented by the OMR element. In the original, the variable X is bound by the outer OMBIND element, and in the copy, the variable X is bound by the inner OMBIND element. We say that the inner OMBIND has captured the variable X.

It is well-known that variable capture does not conserve semantics. For instance, we could use α-conversion to rename the inner occurrence of X into, say, Y arriving at the (same) object binding ( λ , X , application ( f , binding ( λ , Y , application ( g , Y ) ) , application ( g , X ) ) ) Using references that capture variables in this way can easily lead to representation errors, and is not recommended.

3.1.4 Embedding OpenMath in XML Documents

The above encoding of XML encoded OpenMath specifies the grammar to be used in files that encode a single OpenMath object, and specifies the character streams that a conforming OpenMath application should be able to accept or produce.

When embedding XML encoded OpenMath objects into a larger XML document one may wish, or need, to use other XML features. For example use of extra XML attributes to specify XML Namespaces [14] or xml:lang attributes to specify the language used in strings [16]. Also, the encoding used in the larger document may not be UTF-8.

In particular, if OpenMath is used with applications that use the XML Namespace Recommendation [14] then they should ensure that OpenMath elements are in the namespace http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath. This is most conveniently achieved by adding the namespace declaration

xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath"

as an attribute to each OMOBJ element in the document.

If such XML features are used then the XML application controlling the document must, if passing the OpenMath fragment to an OpenMath application, remove any such extra attributes and must ensure that the fragment is encoded according to the grammarschema specified above.

3.2 The Binary Encoding

The binary encoding was essentially designed to be more compact than the XML encodings, so that it can be more efficient if large amounts of data are involved. For the current encoding, we tried to keep the right balance between compactness, speed of encoding and decoding and simplicity (to allow a simple specification and easy implementations).

3.2.1 A Grammar for the Binary Encoding

start	→	[24] object [25]	\|	[24+64] [m] [n] object [25]
object	→	basic
	\|	compound
	\|	cdbase
	\|	foreign
	\|	reference
basic	→	integer
	\|	float
	\|	variable
	\|	symbol
	\|	string
	\|	bytearray
integer	→	[1] [_]	\|	[1+64] [n] id:n [_]
	\|	[1+32] [_]
	\|	[1+128] {_}	\|	[1+64+128] {n} id:n {_}
	\|	[1+32+128] {_}
	\|	[2] [n] [_] digits:n	\|	[2+64] [n] [m] [_] digits:n id:m
	\|	[2+32] [n] [_] digits:n
	\|	[2+128] {n} [_] digits:n	\|	[2+64+128] {n} {n} [_] digits:n id:n
	\|	[2+32+128] {n} [_] digits:n
float	→	[3] {_}{_}	\|	[3+64] [n] id:n {_}{_}
			\|	[3+64+128] {n} id:n {_}{_}
variable	→	[5] [n] varname:n	\|	[5+64] [n] [m] varname:n id:m
	\|	[5+128] {n} varname:n	\|	[5+64+128] {n} {m} varname:n id:m
symbol	→	[8] [n] [m] cdname:n symbname:m	\|	[8+64] [n] [m] [k] cdname:n symbname:m id:k
	\|	[8+128] {n} {m} cdname:n symbname:m	\|	[8+64+128] {n} {m} {k} cdname:n symbname:m id:k
string	→	[6] [n] chars bytes:n	\|	[6+64] [n] chars bytes:n
	\|	[6+32] [n] bytes:n
	\|	[6+128] {n} chars bytes:n	\|	[6+64+128] {n} {m} chars bytes:n id:m
	\|	[6+32+128] {n} bytes:n
	\|	[7] [n] chars bytes:2n	\|	[7+64] [n] [m] chars bytes:n id:m
	\|	[7+32] [n] bytes:2n
	\|	[7+128] {n} chars bytes:2n	\|	[7+64+128] {n} {m} chars bytes:2n id:m
	\|	[7+32+128] {n} bytes:2n
bytearray	→	[4] [n] bytes:n	\|	[4+64] [n] [m] bytes:n id:m
	\|	[4+32] [n] bytes:n
	\|	[4+128] {n} bytes:n	\|	[4+64+128] {n} {m} bytes:n id:m
	\|	[4+32+128] {n} bytes:n
cdbase	→	[9] [n] uri:n object
	\|	[9+128] {n} uri:n object
foreign	→	[12] [n] [m] bytes:n bytes:m	\|	[12+64] [n] [m] [k] bytes:n bytes:m id:k
	\|	[12+32] [n] [m] bytes:n bytes:m
	\|	[12+128] {n} {m} bytes:n bytes:m	\|	[12+64+128] {n} {m} {k} bytes:n bytes:m id:k
	\|	[12+32+128] {n} {m} bytes:n bytes:m
compound	→	application
	\|	binding
	\|	attribution
	\|	error
application	→	[16] object objects [17]	\|	[16+64] [m] id:m object objects [17]
			\|	[16+64+128] {m} id:m object objects [17]
binding	→	[26] object bvars object [27]	\|	[26+64] [m] id:m object bvars object [27]
			\|	[26+64+128] {m} id:m object bvars object [27]
attribution	→	[18] attrpairs object [19]	\|	[18+64] [m] id:m attrpairs object [19]
			\|	[18+64+128] {m} id:m attrpairs object [19]
error	→	[22] symbol objects [23]	\|	[22+64] [m] id:m symbol objects [23]
			\|	[22+64+128] {m} id:m symbol objects [23]
attrpairs	→	[20] pairs [21]	\|	[20+64] [m] id:m pairs [21]
			\|	[20+64+128] {m} id:m pairs [21]
pairs	→	symbol object
	\|	symbol object pairs
bvars	→	[28] vars [29]	\|	[28+64] [m] id:m vars [29]
			\|	[28+64+128] {m} id:m vars [29]
vars	→	attrvar empty
	\|	attrvar vars
attrvar	→	variable
	\|	[18] attrpairs attrvar [19]	\|	[18+64] [m] id:m attrpairs attrvar [19]
			\|	[18+64+128] {m} id:m attrpairs attrvar [19]
objects	→	empty
	\|	object objects
reference	→	internal_reference
	\|	external_reference
internal_reference	→	[30] [_]
	\|	[30+128] {_}
external_reference	→	[31] [n] uri:n
	\|	[31+128] {n} uri:n

Figure 4.3 Grammar of the binary encoding of OpenMath objects.

Figure 4.3 gives a grammar for the binary encoding ("start" is the start symbol)..

The following conventions are used in this section: [n] denotes a byte whose value is the integer n (n can range from 0 to 255), {m} denotes four bytes representing the (unsigned) integer m in network byte order, [_] denotes an arbitrary byte, {_} denotes an arbitrary sequence of four bytes. Finally, empty stands for the empty list of tokens. name:n denotes a sequence of n bytes named name. name:2n denotes a sequence of 2n bytes. "start" is the start symbol of the grammar.

xxxx:n, where xxxx is one of symbname, cdname, varname, uri, id, digits, or bytes denotes a sequence of n bytes that conforms to the constraints on xxxx strings. For instance, for symbname, varname, or cdname this is the regular expression described in Section 2.3, for uri it is the grammar for URIs in [7].

3.2.2 Description of the Grammar

An OpenMath object is encoded as a sequence of bytes starting with the begin object tag (value 24 values 24 and 88) and ending with the end object tag (value 25). These are similar to the <OMOBJ> and </OMOBJ> tags of the XML encoding. Objects with start token [88] have two additional bytes m and n that characterize the version (m.n) of the encoding directly after the start token. This is similar to <OMOBJ version="m.n">

The encoding of each kind of OpenMath object begins with a tag that is a single byte, holding a token identifier that describes the kind of object, and two flags, the long flag and the shared flag. two flags, and a status bit. The identifier is stored in the first 6 bits (1 to 6). The long flag is the eighth bit five bits (1 to 5). Bit 6 is used as a status bit which is currently only used for managing streaming of some basic objects. Bits 7 and 8 are the sharing flag and the long flag. The sharing flag indicates that the encoded object may be shared in another (part of an) object somewhere else (see Section 3.2.4.2). Note that if the sharing flag is set (in the right column of the grammar in Figure 4.3, then the encoding includes a representation of an identifier that serves as the target of a reference (internal with token identifier 30 or external with token identifier 31). If the long flag is set, this signifies that the names, strings, and data fields in the encoded OpenMath object are longer than 255 bytes or characters.

The concept of structure sharing in OpenMath encodings and in particular the sharing bit in the binary encoding has been introduced in OpenMath 2 (see section Section 3.2.4.2 for details). The binary encoding in OpenMath 2 leaves the tokens with sharing flag 0 unchanged to ensure OpenMath 1 compatibility. To make use of functionality like the version attribute on the OpenMath object introduced in OpenMath 2, the tokens with sharing flag 1 should be used.

To facilitate the streaming of OpenMath objects, some basic objects (integers, strings, bytearrays, and foreign objects) have variant token identifiers with the fifth bit set. The idea behind this is that these basic objects can be split into packets. If the fifth bit is not set, this packet is the final packet of the basic object. If the bit is set, then more packets of the basic object will follow directly after this one. Note that all packets making up a basic object must have the same token identifier (up to the fifth bit). In Figure 4.4 we have represented an integer that is split up into three packets.

Here is a description of the binary encodings of every kind of OpenMath object:

Integers

are encoded depending on how large they are. There are four possible formats. Integers between -128 and 127 are encoded as the small integer tags (token identifier 1) followed by a single byte that is the value of the integer (interpreted as a signed character). For example 16 is encoded as 0x01 0x10. Integers between -2 31 (-2147483648) and 2 31 - 1 (2147483647) are encoded as the small integer tag with the long flag set followed by the integer encoded in little endian format in four bytes (network byte order: the most significant byte comes first). For example, 128 is encoded as 0x81 0x00000080. The most general encoding begins with the big integer tag (token identifier 2) with the long flag set if the number of bytes in the encoding of the digits is greater or equal than 256. It is followed by the length (in bytes) of the sequence of digits, encoded on one byte (0 to 255, if the long flag was not set) or four bytes (network byte order, if the long flag was set). It is then followed by a byte describing the sign and the base. This 'sign/base' byte is + (0x2B) or - (0x2D) for the sign or-ed with the base mask bits that can be 0 for base 10 or 0x40 for base 16 or 0x80 for "base 256". It is followed by the strings sequence of digits (as characters for bases 10 and 16 as in the XML encoing, and as bytes for base 256) in their natural order (as in the XML encoding). For example, the decimal number 8589934592 (233) is encoded as 0x02 0x0A 0x2B 0x38 0x35 0x38 0x39 0x39 0x33 0x34 0x35 0x39 0x32 0x02 0x0A 0x2B 0x38353839393334353932 and the hexadecimal number xfffffff1 is encoded as 0x02 0x08 0x6b 0x66666666666666310x02 0x08 0x6b 0x66 0x66 0x66 0x66 0x66 0x66 0x66 0x31 in the base 16 character encoding and as 0x02 0x04 0xFF 0xFF 0xFF 0xFI in the byte encoding (base 256).

Note that it is permitted to encode a "small" integer in any "bigger" format.

To splice sequences of integer packets into integers, we have to consider three cases: In the case of token identifiers 1, 33, and 65 the sequence of packets is treated as a sequence of integer digits to the base of 27 (most significant first). The case of token identifiers 129, 161, and 193 is analogous with digits of base 231. In the case of token identifiers 2, 34, 66, 130, 162, and 194 the integer is assembled by concatenating the string of decimal digits in the packets in sequence order (which corresponds to most significant first). Note that in all cases only the sequence-initial packet may contain a signed integer. The sign of this packet determines the sign of the overall integer.

Byte	Hex	Meaning	Byte	Hex	Meaning
1	22	begin streamed big integer tag	7	2B	sign + (disregarded)
2	FF	255 digits in packet	8	...	the 255 digits as characters
3	2B	sign +	9	2	begin final big integer tag
4	...	the 255 digits as characters	10	42	68 digits in packet
5	22	begin streamed big integer tag	11	2B	sign + (disregarded)
6	FF	255 digits in packet	12	...	the 68 digits as characters

Figure 4.4 Streaming a large Integer in the Binary Encoding.

Symbols

are encoded as the symbol tags (token identifier 8) with the long flag set if the maximum of the length in bytes in the UTF-8 encoding of the Content Dictionary name or the symbol name is greater than or equal to 256 (note that this should never be the case if the rules on symbols and Content Dictionary names are applied), followed by the length of the Content Dictionary name as a byte (if the long flag was not set) or a four byte integer (in network byte order) followed by the length of the symbol name as a byte (if the long flag was not set) or a four byte integer (in network byte order), followed by the characters of the Content Dictionary name, followed by the characters of the symbol name. . The symbol tag is followed by the length in bytes in the UTF-8 encoding of the Content Dictionary name, the symbol name, and the id (if the shared bit was set) as a byte (if the long flag was not set) or a four byte integer (in network byte order). These are followed by the bytes of the UTF-8 encoding of the Content Dictionary name, the symbol name, and the id.

Variables

are encoded using the variable tags (token identifiers 5) with the long flag set if the number of bytes in the UTF-8 encoding of the variable name is greater than or equal to 256. Then, there is the number of characters as a byte (if the long flag was not set) or a four byte integer (in network byte order), followed by the characters of the name of the variable. For example, the variable x is encoded as 0x05 0x01 0x78.

Floating-point number

are encoded using the floating-point number tags (token identifier 3) followed by eight bytes that are the IEEE 754 representation [6], most significant bytes first. For example, 0.1 is encoded as 0x03 0x000000000000f03f.

Character string

are encoded in two ways depending on whether the string contains UTF-16 characters or not. If the string contains only 8 bit characters, the string is encoded in UTF-16 or ISO-8859-1 (LATIN-1). In the case of LATIN-1 it is encoded as the one byte character string tags (token identifier 6) with the long flag set if the number of bytes (characters) in the string is greater than or equal to 256. Then, there is the number of characters as a byte (if the length flag was not set) or a four byte integer (in network byte order), followed by the characters in the string. If the string contains two byte characters, it is encoded as the two byte is encoded in UTF-16, it is encoded as the UTF-16 character string tags (token identifier 7) with the long flag set if the number of characters in the string is greater or equal to 256. Then, there is the number of charactersUTF-16 units, which will be the number of characters unless characters in the higher planes of Unicode are used, as a byte (if the long flag was not set) or a four byte integer (in network byte order), followed by the characters (UTF-16 encoded Unicode).

Sequences of string packets are assumed to have the same encoding for every packet. They are assembled into strings by concatenating the strings in the packets in sequence order.

Bytearrays

are encoded using the bytearray tags (token identifier 4) with the long flag set if the number of bytes in the number of elements is greater than or equal to 256. Then, there is the number of elements, as a byte (if the long flag was not set) or a four byte integer (in network byte order), followed by the elements of the arrays in their normal order.

Sequences of bytearray packets are assembled into byte arrays by concatenating the bytearrays in the packets in sequence order.

Foreign Objects

are encoded using the foreign object tags (token identifier 12) with the long flag set if the number of bytes is greater than or equal to 256 and the streaming bit set for dividing it up into packets. Then, there is the number n of bytes used to encode the encoding, and the number m of bytes used to encode the foreign object. n and m are represented as a byte (if the long flag was not set) or a four byte integer (in network byte order). These numbers are followed by an n-byte representation of the encoding attribute and an m byte sequence of bytes encoding the foreign object in their normal order (we call these the payload bytes). The encoding attribute is encoded in UTF-8.

Sequences of foreign object packets are assembled into foreign objects by concatenating the payload bytes in the packets in sequence order.

Note that the foreign object is encoded as a stream of bytes, not a stream of characters. Character based formats (including XML based formats) should be encoded in UTF-8 to produce a stream of bytes to use as the payload of the foreign object.

cdbase scopes

are encoded using the token identifier 9. The purpose of these scoping devices is to associate a cdbase with an object. The start token [9] (or [137] if the long flag is set) is followed by a single-byte (or 4-byte- if the long flag is set) number n and then by a seqence of n bytes that represent the value of the cdbase attribute (a URI) in UTF-8 encoding. This is then followed by the binary encoding of a single object: the object over which this cdbase attribute has scope.

Applications

are encoded using the application tags (token identifiers 16 and 17). More precisely, the application of E0 to E1… En is encoded using the application tags (token identifier 16), the sequence of the encodings of E0 to En and the end application tags (token identifier 17).

Bindings

are encoded using the binding tags (token identifiers 26 and 27). More precisely, the binding by B of variables V1… Vn in C is encoded as the binding tag (token identifier 26), followed by the encoding of B, followed by the binding variables tags (token identifier 28), followed by the encodings of the variables V1 … Vn, followed by the end binding variables tags (token identifier 29), followed by the encoding of C, followed by the end binding tags (token identifier 27).

Attributions

are encoded using the attribution tags (token identifiers 18 and 19). More precisely, attribution of the object E with (S1, E1), … (Sn, En) pairs (where Si are the attributes) is encoded as the attributed object tag (token identifier 18), followed by the encoding of the attribute pairs as the attribute pairs tags (token identifier 20), followed by the encoding of each symbol and value, followed by the end attribute pairs tag (token identifier 21), followed by the encoding of E, followed by the end attributed object tag (token identifier 19).

Errors

are encoded using the error tags (token identifiers 22 and 23). More precisely, S0 applied to E1… En is encoded as the error tag (token identifier 22), the encoding of S0, the sequence of the encodings of E0 to En and the end error tag (token identifier 23).

Internal References

are encoded using the internal reference tags [30] and [30+128] (the sharing flag cannot be set on this tag, since chains of references are not allowed in the OpenMath binary encoding) with long flag set if the number of OpenMath sub-objects in the encoded OpenMath is greater than or equal to 256. Then, there is the ordinal number of the referenced OpenMath object as a byte (if the long flag was not set) or a four byte integer (in network byte order).

External References

are encoded using the external reference tags [31] and [31+128] (the sharing flag cannot be set on this tag, since chains of references are not allowed in the OpenMath binary encoding) with the long flag set if the number of bytes in the reference URI is greater than or equal to 256. Then, there is the number of bytes in the URI used for the external reference as a byte (if the long flag was not set) or a four byte integer (in network byte order), followed by the URI.

3.2.3 Example of Binary Encoding

As an a simple example of the binary encoding, we can consider the OpenMath object application ( times , application ( plus , x , y ) , application ( plus , x , z ) ) whose XML encoding is

<OMOBJ version="2.0" cdbase="http://www.openmath.org/cd">
  <OMA>
    <OMS name="times" cd="arith1"/>
    <OMA>
      <OMS name="plus" cd="arith1"/>
      <OMV name="x"/>
      <OMV name="y"/>
    </OMA>
    <OMA>
      <OMS name="plus" cd="arith1"/>
      <OMV name="x"/>
      <OMV name="z"/>
    </OMA>
  </OMA>
</OMOBJ>

It is binary encoded as the sequence of bytes given in Figure 4.5.

Byte	Hex	Meaning	Byte	Hex	Meaning	Byte	Hex	Meaning
1	58	begin object tag	19	10	begin application tag	40	10	begin application tag
2	2	version 2.0 (major)	20	08	symbol tag	41	48	symbol tag (with share bit on)
3	0	version 2.0 (minor)	21	06	cd length	42	01	reference to second symbol seen (arith1:plus)
4	10	begin application tag	22	04	name length	43	45	variable tag (with share bit on)
5	08	symbol tag	23	61	a (cd name begin	44	00	reference to first variable seen (x)
6	06	cd length	24	72	r .	45	05	variable tag
7	05	name length	25	69	i .	46	01	name length
8	61	a (cd name begin	26	74	t .	47	7a	z (variable name)
9	72	r .	27	68	h .	48	11	end application tag
10	69	i .	28	31	1 .)	49	11	end application tag
11	74	t .	29	70	p (symbol name begin	50	11	end application tag
12	68	h .	30	6c	l .
13	31	1 .)	31	75	u .
14	74	t (symbol name begin	32	73	s .)
15	69	i .	33	05	variable tag
16	6d	m .	34	01	name length
17	65	e .	35	78	x (name)
18	73	s .)	36	05	variable tag
			37	01	name length
			38	79	y (variable name)
			39	11	end application tag

Figure 4.5 A Simple example of the OpenMath binary encoding.

3.2.4 Sharing

OpenMath 2 introduced a new sharing mechanism, described below. First however we describe the original OpenMath 1 mechanism.

3.2.4.1 Sharing in Objects beginning with the identifier [24]

This form of sharing is deprecated but included for backwards compatibility with OpenMath 1. It binary encoding supports the sharing of symbols, variables and strings (up to a certain length for strings) within one object. That is, sharing between objects is not supported. A reference to a shared symbol, variable or string is encoded as the corresponding tag with the long flag not set and the shared flag set, followed by a positive integer n encoded as one byte (0 to 255). This integer references the n + 1-th such sharable sub-object (symbol, variable or string up to 255 characters) in the current OpenMath object (counted in the order they are generated by the encoding). For example, 0x48 0x01 references a symbol that is identical to the second symbol that was found in the current object. Strings with 8 bit characters and strings with 16 bit characters are two different kinds of objects for this sharing. Only strings containing less than 256 characters can be shared (i.e. only strings up to 255 characters).

3.2.4.2 Sharing with References (beginning with [24+64])

In the binary encoding specified in the last section (which we keep for compatibility reasons, but deprecate in favor of the more efficient binary encoding specified in this section) only symbols, variables, and short strings could be shared. In this section, we will present a second binary encoding, which shares most of the identifiers with the one in the last one, but handles sharing differently. This encoding is signaled by the shared object tag [88].

The main difference is the interpretation of the sharing flag (bit 7), which can be set on all objects that allow it. Instead of encoding a reference to a previous occurrence of an object of the same type, it indicates whether an object will be referenced later in the encoding. This corresponds to the information, whether an id attribute is set in the XML encoding. On the object identifier (where sharing does not make sense), the shared flag signifies the encoding described here ([88]=[24+64]).

Otherwise integers, floats, variables, symbols, strings, bytearrays, and constructs are treated exactly as in the binary encoding described in the last section.

The binary encoding with references uses the additional reference tags [30] for (short) internal references, [30+128] for long internal references, [31] for (short) external references, [31+128] for long external references. Internal references are used to share sub-objects in the encoded object (see Figure 4.6 for an example) by referencing their position; external references allow to reference OpenMath objects in other documents by a URI.

Identifiers [30+64] and [30+64+128] are not used, since they would encode references that are shared themselves. Chains of references are redundant, and decrease both space and time efficiency, therefore they are not allowed in the OpenMath binary encoding.

References consist of the identifier [30] ([30+128] for long references) followed by a positive integer n coded on one byte (4 bytes for long references). This integer references the n+1th shared sub-object (one where the shared flag is set) in the current object (counted in the order they are generated in the encoding). For example Ox7E Ox01 references the second shared sub-object. Figure 4.6 shows the binary encoding of the object in Figure 4.1 above.

Byte	Hex	Meaning	Byte	Hex	Meaning	Byte	Hex	Meaning
1	58	begin object tag	12	50	begin application tag (shared)	23	1E	short reference
2	2	version 2.0 (major)	13	05	variable tag	24	00	to the first shared object
3	0	version 2.0 (minor)	14	01	variable length	25	11	end application tag
4	10	begin application tag	15	66	f (variable name)	26	1E	short reference
5	05	variable tag	16	05	variable tag	27	00	to the second shared object
6	01	variable length	17	01	variable length	28	11	end application tag
7	66	f (variable name)	18	61	a (variable name)
8	50	begin application tag (shared)	19	05	variable tag
9	05	variable tag	20	01	variable length
10	01	variable length	21	61	a (variable name)
11	66	f (variable name)	22	11	end application tag

Figure 4.6 A binary encoding of the OpenMath object from Figure 4.1.

It is easy to see that in this binary encoding, the size of the encoding is 13+7 (d-1) bytes, where d is the depth of the tree, while a totally unshared encoding is 8*2d-8 bytes (sharing variables saves up to 256 bytes for trees up to depth 8 and wastes space for greater depths). The shared XML encoding only uses 32d+29 bytes, which is more space efficient starting at depth 9.

Note that in the conversion from the XML to the binary encoding the identifiers on the objects are not preserved. Moreover, even though the XML encoding allows references across objects, as in Figure 4.2, the binary encoding does not (the binary encoding has no notion of a multi-object collection, while in the XML encoding this would naturally correspond to e.g. the embedding of multiple OpenMath objects into a single XML document).

Note that objects need not be fully shared (or shared at all) in the binary encoding with sharing.

3.2.5 Implementation Note

A typical implementation of the binary encoding comes in two parts. The first part deals with the unshared encodings, i.e. objects starting with the identifier [24].

This part uses four tables, each of 256 entries, for symbol, variables, 8 bit character strings whose lengths are less than 256 characters and 16 bit character strings whose lengths are less than 256 characters. When an object is read, all the tables are first flushed. Each time a sharable sub-object is read, it is entered in the corresponding table if it is not full. When a reference to the shared i-th object of a given type is read, it stands for the i-th entry in the corresponding table. It is an encoding error if the i-th position in the table has not already been assigned (i.e. forward references are not allowed). Sharing is not mandatory, there may be duplicate entries in the tables (if the application that wrote the object chose not to share optimally).

The part for the shared representations of OpenMath objects uses an unbounded array for storing shared sub-objects. Whenever an object has the shared flag set, then it is read and a pointer to the generated data structure is stored at the next position of the array. Whenever a reference of the form [30] [_] is encountered, the array is queried for the value at [_] and analogously for [30+128] {_}. Note that the application can decide to copy the value or share it among sub-terms as long as it respects the identity conditions given by the tree-nature of the OpenMath objects. The implementation must take care to ensure that no variables are captured during this process (see section Section 3.1.3.2), and possibly have methods for recovering from cyclic dependency relations (this can be done by standard loop-checking methods).

Writing an object is simple. The tables are first flushed. Each time a sharable sub-object is encountered (in the natural order of output given by the encoding), it is either entered in the corresponding table (if it is not full) and output in the normal way or replaced by the right reference if it is already present in the table.

3.2.6 Relation to the OpenMath 1 binary encoding

The OpenMath 2 binary encoding significantly extends the OpenMath 1 binary encoding to accommodate the new features and in particular sharing of sub-objects. The tags and structure of the OpenMath 1 binary encoding are still present in the current OpenMath binary encoding, so that binary encoded OpenMath 1 objects are still valid in the OpenMath 2 binary encoding and correspond to the same abstract OpenMath objects. In some cases, the binary encoding tags without the shared flag can still be used as more compact representations of the objects (which are not shared, and do not have an identifier).

As the binary encoding is geared towards compactness, OpenMath objects should be constructed so as to maximise internal sharing (if computationally feasible). Note that since sharing is done only at the encoding level, this does not alter the meaning of an OpenMath object, only allows it to be represented more compactly.

3.3 Summary

The key points of this chapter are:

The XML encoding for OpenMath objects uses most common character sets.
The XML encoding is readable, writable and can be embedded in most documents and transport protocols.
The binary encoding for OpenMath objects should be used when efficiency is a key issue. It is compact yet simple enough to allow fast encoding and decoding of objects.

Chapter 4
Content Dictionaries

In this chapter we give a brief overview of Content Dictionaries before explicitly stating their functionality and encoding.

4.1 Introduction

Content Dictionaries (CDs) are central to the OpenMath philosophy of transmitting mathematical information. It is the OpenMath Content Dictionaries which actually hold the meanings of the objects being transmitted.

For example if application A is talking to application B, and sends, say, an equation involving multiplication of matrices, then A and B must agree on what a matrix is, and on what matrix multiplication is, and even on what constitutes an equation. All this information is held within some Content Dictionaries which both applications agree upon.

A Content Dictionary holds the meanings of (various) mathematical "words". These words are OpenMath basic objects referred to as symbols in Section 2.1.

With a set of symbol definitions (perhaps from several Content Dictionaries), A and B can now talk in a common "language".

It is important to stress that it is not Content Dictionaries themselves which are being transmitted, but some "mathematics" whose definitions are held within the Content Dictionaries. This means that the applications must have already agreed on a set of Content Dictionaries which they "understand" (i.e., can cope with to some degree).

In many cases, the Content Dictionaries that an application understands will be constant, and be intrinsic to the application's mathematical use. However the above approach can also be used for applications which can handle every Content Dictionary (such as an OpenMath parser, or perhaps a typesetting system), or alternatively for applications which understand a changeable number of Content Dictionaries (perhaps after being sent Content Dictionaries in some way).

The primary use of Content Dictionaries is thought to be for designers of Phrasebooks, the programs which translate between the OpenMath mathematical object and the corresponding (often internal) structure of the particular application in question. For such a use the Content Dictionaries have themselves been designed to be as readable and precise as possible.

Another possible use for OpenMath Content Dictionaries could rely on their automatic comprehension by a machine (e.g., when given definitions of objects defined in terms of previously understood ones), in which case Content Dictionaries may have to be passed as data. Towards this end, a Content Dictionary has been written which contains a set of symbols sufficient to represent any other Content Dictionary. This means that Content Dictionaries may be passed in the same way as other (OpenMath) mathematical data.

Finally, the syntax of the reference encoding for Content Dictionaries has been designed to be relatively easy to learn and to write, and also free from the need for any specialist software. This is because it is acknowledged that there is an enormous amount of mathematical information to represent, and so most of the Content Dictionaries will be are written by "ordinary" mathematicians, encoding their particular fields of expertise. A further reason is that the mathematics conveyed by a specific Content Dictionary should be understandable independently of any application.

The key points from this section are:

Content Dictionaries should be readable and precise to help Phrasebook designers,
Content Dictionaries should be readily write-able to encourage widespread use,
It ought to be possible for a machine to understand a Content Dictionary to some degree.

4.2 Abstract Content Dictionaries

In this section we define the overallabstract structure of Content Dictionaries.

Other than Content Dictionary comments (which have no real semantics), Content Dictionaries have been designed to hold two types of information: that which is pertinent to the whole Content Dictionary, and that which is restricted to a particular symbol definition. Specific information pertaining to the symbols like the signature and the defining mathematical properties is conveyed in additional files associated to Content Dictionaries.

Information that is pertinent to the whole Content Dictionary includes:

The name of the Content Dictionary.
A description of the Content Dictionary.
A date when the Content Dictionary is next planned to be reviewed.
A date on which the Content Dictionary was last edited.
The current version and revision numbers of the Content Dictionary.
The status of the Content Dictionary.
An optional URL for this Content Dictionary.
An optional list of Content Dictionaries on which this Content Dictionary depends. That is, those named in Examples and FMPs in this Content Dictionary.
An optional comment, possibly containing the author's name.

Information that is restricted to a particular symbol includes:

The name of the symbol.
A description of this symbol.
An optional comment.
Optional properties that this symbol should obey.
Optional examples of the use of this symbol.

A Content Dictionary consists of the following mandatory pieces of information:

A name corresponding to the rules described in Section 2.3.
A description of the Content Dictionary.
A revision date, the date of the last change to the Content Dictionary. Dates should be stored in the ISO-compliant format YYYY-MM-DD, e.g. 1966-02-03.
A review date, a date until which the content dictionary is guaranteed to remain unchanged.
A version number which consists of a major and minor part (see Section 4.2.2).
A status, as described in Section 4.2.1.
A CD base which, when combined with the CD name, forms a unique identifier for the Content Dictionary. It may or may not refer to an actual location from which it can be retrieved.
A series of one or more symbol definitions as described below.

A symbol definition consists of the following pieces of information:

A mandatory name corresponding to the rules described in Section 2.3.
A mandatory description of the symbol, which can be as formal or informal as the author likes.
An optional role as described in Section 2.1.4.
Zero or more commented mathematical properties which are mathematical properties of the symbol expressed in a mechanism other than OpenMath.
Zero or more formal mathematical properties which are mathematical properties of the symbol expressed in OpenMath. Note that it is common for commented and formal mathematical properties to be introduced in pairs, with the former describing the latter.
A Formal Mathematical Property may be given an optional kind attribute. An author of a Content Dictionary may use this to indicate whether, for example, the property provides an algorithm for evaluation of the concept it is associated with. At present no fixed scheme is mandated for how this information should be encoded or used by an application.
Zero or more examples which are intended to demonstrate the use of the symbol within an OpenMath object.

As mentioned earlier, certain kinds of data pertaining to symbols may be conveyed in files other than a Content Dictionary. In particular, information on signatures according to a type system may be described in Signature Files whose format is given in Section 4.4.1. Other information such as presentation forms, extra defining mathematical properties may be associated with Content Dictionaries using files whose format is not specified by this standard. It is expected that a common method of defining the presentation for OpenMath symbols is via XSL [24] stylesheets giving transformations to MathML.

Some pieces of information which might logically be thought to be part of a Content Dictionary, such as the types or signatures of symbols, are better represented externally. This allows for new variants to be associated with Content Dictionaries without the Dictionaries themselves being changed. A model for signatures is given in Section 4.4.1.

Content Dictionaries may be grouped into CD Groups. These groups allow applications to easily refer to collections of Content Dictionaries. One particular CDGroup of interest is the "MathML CDGroup". This group consists of the collection of core Content Dictionaries that is designed to have the same semantic scope as the content elements of MathML 2 [17]. OpenMath objects built from symbols that come from Content Dictionaries in this CDGroup may be expected to be easily transformed between OpenMath and MathML encodings. The detailed structure of a CDGroup is described in Section 4.4.2 below.

4.2.1 Content Dictionary Status

The status of a Content Dictionary can be either

official: approved by the OpenMath Society according to the procedure outlined in Section 4.5;
experimental: under development and thus liable to change;
private: used by a private group of OpenMath users;
obsolete: an obsolete Content Dictionary kept only for archival purposes.

4.2.2 Content Dictionary Version Numbers

A version number must consist of two parts, a major version and a revision, both of which should be non-negative integers. In CDs that do not have status experimental, the version number should be a positive integer.

Unless a CD has status experimental, no changes should ever be introduced that invalidate objects built with previous versions. Any change that influences phrasebook compliance, like adding a new symbol to a Content Dictionary, is considered a major change and should be reflected by an increase in the major version number. Other changes, like adding an example or correcting a description, are considered minor changes. For minor changes the version number is not changed, but an increase should be made to the revision number. Note that a change such as removing a symbol should not be made unless the CD has status experimental. Should this be required then a new CD with a different name should be produced so as not to invalidate existing objects.

When the major version number is increased, the revision number is normally reset to zero.

As detailed in Chapter 5, OpenMath compliant applications state which versions of which CDs they support.

4.3 The XMLReference Encoding for Content Dictionaries

The reference encoding of Content Dictionaries are as XML documents. A valid Content Dictionary document should

be valid according to the DTD given in Figure ,
adhere to the extra conditions on the content of the elements given in Section 4.3.2.

conform to the Relax NG Schema for Content Dictionaries given in Section 4.3.1.

An example of a complete Content Dictionary is given in Appendix Appendix A.1, which is the Meta Content Dictionary for describing Content Dictionaries themselves. A more typical Content Dictionary is given in Appendix A.2, the arith1 Content Dictionary for basic arithmetic functions.

4.3.1 The Relax NG Schema for Content Dictionaries

	# *********************************************
# 
# Relax NG Schema for OpenMath CD
# 
# *********************************************

default namespace = "http://www.openmath.org/OpenMathCD"

include "openmath2.rnc" {start = CD}

CDComment = element CDComment { text }
CDName = element CDName { xsd:NCName }
CDUses = element CDUses { CDName* }
CDURL = element CDURL { xsd:anyURI }
CDBase = element CDBase { xsd:anyURI }
text-or-om = (text | OMOBJ)*
CDReviewDate = element CDReviewDate { xsd:date }
CDDate = element CDDate { xsd:date }
CDVersion = element CDVersion { xsd:nonNegativeInteger }
CDRevision = element CDRevision { xsd:nonNegativeInteger }
CDStatus = element CDStatus {
   "official" |
   "experimental" |
   "private" |
   "obsolete"}
Description = element Description { text }
Name = element Name { xsd:NCName }
Role = element Role {
   "binder" |
   "attribution" |
   "semantic-attribution" |
   "error" |
   "application" |
   "constant" }
CMP = element CMP { text }
FMP = element FMP { 
  attribute kind {xsd:string}?,
  OMOBJ
  }
# allow embedded OM
Example = element Example { text-or-om }
CDDefinition =
  element CDDefinition {
    CDComment*,
    (Name & Role? & Description),
   (CDComment | Example | FMP | CMP)*
  }
CD =
  element CD {
    (CDComment* & Description? &
     CDName & CDURL? & CDBase? &
     CDReviewDate? & CDDate & CDStatus & 
     CDUses? & 
     CDVersion & CDRevision),
    ( CDDefinition,CDComment* )+
  }

The DTD Specification of Content Dictionaries

<!-- omcd.dtd -->
<!-- ********************************************* -->
<!--                                               -->
<!-- DTD for OpenMath CD                           -->
<!-- (c) EP24969 the ESPRIT OpenMath Consortium    -->
<!-- date = 28.aug.1998                            -->
<!-- author = s.buswell sb@stilo.demon.co.uk       -->
<!--                                               -->
<!-- edited by n.howgrave-graham 30.aug.98         -->
<!-- edited by sb 4.sep.98                         -->
<!-- edited by nh-g 4.sep.98                       -->
<!-- edited by sb 1.nov.98                         -->
<!-- edited by sb 1.nov.98                         -->
<!-- edited by dpc 1999-04-13                      -->
<!--                                               -->
<!--                                               -->
<!-- ********************************************* -->
<!ELEMENT CDComment      (#PCDATA) >
<!ELEMENT CDName         (#PCDATA) >
<!ELEMENT CDURL          (#PCDATA) >
<!ELEMENT CDUses         (CDName)*  >
<!ENTITY % inhel        "(#PCDATA)" >
<!ENTITY % inhel2       "(#PCDATA | OMOBJ)*" >
<!ELEMENT CDReviewDate   %inhel; >
<!ELEMENT CDStatus       %inhel; >
<!ELEMENT Description    %inhel; >
<!ELEMENT Name           %inhel; >
<!ELEMENT Signature      %inhel; >
<!ELEMENT Presentation   %inhel; >
<!ELEMENT CMP            %inhel; >
<!-- include dtd for OM objects -->
<!ENTITY  % omobjectdtd SYSTEM "omobj.dtd" >
%omobjectdtd;
<!ELEMENT FMP            %inhel2; >             <!-- allow embedded OM -->
<!ELEMENT Example        %inhel2; >
<!ELEMENT CDDefinition    (CDComment | Name | Description |  PartOf |
                          FunctorClass | Signature | Example | FMP |
                          CMP | Presentation)* >
<!ELEMENT CD             (CDComment | CDName | Description | CDReviewDate |
                         CDStatus | CDURL | CDUses |  CDDefinition |
Example)* >
<!-- end of DTD for OM CD -->

Figure DTD Specification of Content Dictionaries

The XML DTD for Content Dictionaries is given in Figure . The allowed elements are further described in the following section.

4.3.2 Further Requirements of an OpenMath Content DictionaryDescription of the CD Schema

The notion of being a valid Content Dictionary is stronger than merely being successfully parsed by the DTD. This is because the content of the elements, referred to in Figure as PCDATA and CDATA, must actually make sense to, say, a Phrasebook designer. In this section we define exactly the format of the elements used in Content Dictionaries.

We now describe the elements used in the above schema in terms of the abstract description of CDs in Section 4.2. Unless stated otherwise information is encoded as the content of the relevant element.

CDName

The text occurring in the CDName element corresponds to the name of the Content Dictionary.

Description

The text occurring in the Description element is used to give a description of the enclosing element, which could be a symbol or the entire Content Dictionary. The content of this element can be any XML text.

CDReviewDate

The text occurring in the CDReviewDate element corresponds to the earliest possible review date of the Content Dictionary. The date formats should be ISO-compliant in the form YYYY-MM-DD, e.g. 1953-09-26.

CDDate

The text occurring in the CDDate element corresponds to the revision date of this version of the Content Dictionary. The date formats should be ISO-compliant in the form YYYY-MM-DD, e.g. 1953-09-26.

CDVersion

The major version number of the CD.

The text occurring in the CDVersion element corresponds to the version number of the current version of a Content Dictionary. It should be a non negative integer.

In CDs that do not have status experimental, CD version numbering should adhere to the following. The version number should be a positive integer.

No changes can be introduced that invalidate objects built with previous versions. Any change that influences phrasebook compliance, like adding a new symbol to a Content Dictionary, is considered a major change. and should be reflected by an increase in this version number. Other changes, like adding an example or correcting a description, are considered minor changes. For minor changes the version number is not changed, but an increase should be made to the revision number, as described below. A change such as removing a symbol should not be made, instead a new CD, with a different name should be produced, so as not to invalidate existing objects.

As detailed in chapter Chapter 5, OpenMath compliant applications state which versions of which CDs they support. Experimental CDs may expect to have changes such as adding or removing symbols as they are developed, without requiring the name of the CD to be changed.

CDRevision

The text occurring in the CDRevision element corresponds to the revision, or "minor version number" of the current version of a Content Dictionary. It should be a non negative integer.

Minor changes to a CD that do not warrant the release of a CD with an increased version number should be marked by increasing the revision number specified in this field. When the Cd Version number is increased, the Revision number is normally reset to zero.

The minor version number of the CD.

CDStatus

The text occurring in the CDStatus element corresponds to the status of the Content Dictionary. , and can be either official (approved by the OpenMath Society according to the procedure outlined in Section 4.5), experimental (currently being tested), private (used by a private group of OpenMath users) or obsolete (an obsolete Content Dictionary kept only for archival purposes).

CDBase

The CD base of the CD.

CDURL

The text occurring in the CDURL element should be a valid URL where the source file for the Content Dictionary encoding can be found (if it exists). The filename should conform to ISO 9660 [11].

CDUses

The content of this element should be a series of CDName elements, each naming a Content Dictionary used in the Example and FMPs of the current Content Dictionary. This element is optional and deprecated since the information can easily be extracted automatically.

CDComment

The content of this element should be text that does not convey any crucial information concerning the current Content Dictionary. It can be used in the Content Dictionary header to report the author of the Content Dictionary and to log change information. In the body of the Content Dictionary, it can be used to attach extra remarks to certain symbols.

CDDefinition

The element which contains the definition of an individual symbol.

Name

The text occurring in the Name element corresponds to the name of a symbol. , and is specified as in Chapter 3.

Role

The role of a symbol: it must be one of binder, attribution, semantic-attribution, error, application, or constant.

Example

The text occurring in the Example element is used to give examples of the enclosing symbol, and can be any XML text. In addition to text the element may contain examples as XML encoded OpenMath, inside OMOBJ elements. Note that Examples must be with respect to some symbol and cannot be "loose" in the Content Dictionary.

CMP

The text occurring in the CMP element corresponds to a property of the symbol. An application which says it understands a Content Dictionary symbol need not understand a commented property of the symbol. A Commented Mathematical Property.

FMP

The content of the FMP element also corresponds to a property^*2 of the symbol, however the content of this element must be a valid OpenMath object in the XML encoding. An application which says it understands a Content Dictionary symbol need not understand a formal property of the symbol. A Formal Mathematical Property. It may take an optional kind attribute.

^*2It corresponds to a theorem of a theory in some formal system.

4.4 Additional Information

Content Dictionaries contain just one part of the information that can be associated to a symbol in order to stepwise define its meaning and its functionality. OpenMath Signature filesdictionaries, CDGroups, and possibly filescollections of extra mathematical properties, are used to convey the different aspects that as a whole make up a mathematical definition.

4.4.1 Signature FilesDictionaries

OpenMath may be used with any type system. One just needs to produce a Content Dictionary which gives the constructors of the type system, and then one may build OpenMath objects representing types in the given type system. These are typically associated with OpenMath objects via the OpenMath attribution constructor.

A Small Type System, called STS, has been designed to give semi-formal signatures to OpenMath symbols and is documented in [4]. The signature file given in Appendix A.3 is based on this formalism. Using the same mechanism, [3] shows how pure type systems can also be employed to assign types to OpenMath symbols.

The DTD Specification of Signature Files

Signature Files are XML documents, hence a valid Signature File should

be valid according to the DTD given in Figure ,
adhere to the extra conditions on the content of the elements given in Section 4.4.1.1.

Signature files have a header which specifies the Content Dictionary and determines the type system being used and the Content Dictionary which contains the symbols for which the signatures are being given. Each signature takes the form of an XML encoded OpenMath object.

<!-- omcdsig.dtd -->
<!-- ********************************************* -->
<!--                                               -->
<!-- DTD for OpenMath CD Signatures                -->
<!-- (c) EP24969 the ESPRIT OpenMath Consortium    -->
<!-- David Carlisle 1999-04-13                     -->
<!-- David Carlisle 1999-05-21                     -->
<!-- David Carlisle 1999-06-22                     -->
<!--                                               -->
<!--                                               -->
<!-- ********************************************* -->

<!-- include dtd for OM objects -->
<!ENTITY  % omobjectdtd SYSTEM "omobj.dtd" >
%omobjectdtd;

<!ELEMENT CDSComment      (#PCDATA) >
<!ELEMENT CDSReviewDate    (#PCDATA) >
<!ELEMENT CDSStatus    (#PCDATA) >

<!ELEMENT CDSignatures   (CDComment |CDSComment | CDSReviewDate |
                         CDSStatus | Signature )* >

<!ATTLIST CDSignatures cd CDATA #REQUIRED
                       type CDATA #REQUIRED >

<!ELEMENT Signature      (OMOBJ?) >

<!ATTLIST  Signature  name CDATA #REQUIRED >

<!-- end of DTD for OM CD Signatures -->

Figure DTD Specification of Signature Files

4.4.1.1 Further RequirementsAbstract Specification of a Signature Dictionary

Signature dictionaries have a header which specifies the type system being used and the Content Dictionary containing the symbols for which signatures are being given. Each signature takes the form of an OpenMath object in an appropriate encoding.

The notion of being a valid Signature File is stronger than merely being successfully parsed by the DTD in Figure . In this section we define exactly the format of the elements used in Signature Files. Several of the requirements are the same as those on elements of Contents Dictionaries.

CDSignatures: The outermost element of the Signature is characterized by two required attributes that identify the type system and the Content Dictionary whose signatures are defined. The value of the XML attribute type is the name of the Content Dictionary or of the CDGroup (see Section 4.4.2) that represents the type system. The value of the XML attribute cd is the name of the Content Dictionary whose symbols are assigned signatures in this Signature File. Both values are of the form specified in Chapter 3.
CDSComment: See CDComment in Section 4.3.2.
CDSreviewDate: The text occurring in the CDSReviewDate element corresponds to the earliest possible revision date of the Signature File. The date formats should be ISO-compliant in the form YYYY-MM-DD, e.g. 2000-02-29.
CDSStatus: The text occurring in the CDSStatus element corresponds to the status of the Signature File, and can be either official (approved by the OpenMath Society according to the procedure outlined in Section 4.5), experimental (currently being tested), private (used by a private group of OpenMath users) or obsolete (an obsolete Signature File kept only for archival purposes).
Signature: The content of the Signature element has to be a valid OpenMath object in XML encoding as specified in Chapter 3. Additionally, the object must represent a valid type in the type system identified by the XML attribute type of the CDSignature element. See Section 4.4.1.3 for examples.

A type definition: the name of the Content Dictionary or of the CDGroup (cfg. Section 4.4.2) that represents the type system being used.
A CD name: the name of the CD for which signatures are being defined.
A review date as defined in Section 4.2.
A status: as defined in Section 4.2.
A series of signatures which are OpenMath objects in some encoding. The objects must represent types as defined by the type definition.

4.4.1.2 A Relax NG Schema for a Signature Dictionary

The following is a reference encoding of a signature dictionary, designed to be used with Content Dictionaries in the XML encoding.

# *********************************************
# 
# Relax NG Schema for OpenMath CD Signatures
# 
# *********************************************

default namespace = "http://www.openmath.org/OpenMathCDS"

include "openmath2.rnc" { start = CDSignatures }

CDSComment = element CDSComment { text }
CDSReviewDate = element CDSReviewDate { text }
CDSStatus = element CDSStatus {
   "official" |
   "experimental" |
   "private" |
   "obsolete"}
CDSignatures =
  element CDSignatures {
    attlist.CDSignatures,
    (CDSComment)*,
    (CDSReviewDate? & CDSStatus),
    (CDSComment | Signature)*
  }
attlist.CDSignatures =
  attribute cd { xsd:NCName },
  attribute type { xsd:NCName }
Signature = element Signature { attlist.Signature, OMOBJ? }
attlist.Signature = attribute name { text }

4.4.1.3 Examples

An example of a signature dictionary for the type system STS and the arith1 Content Dictionary is given in Appendix A.3. Each signature entry is similar to the following one for the OpenMath symbol <OMS cd="arith1" name="plus"/>:

<Signature name="plus">
<OMOBJ version="2.0">
 <OMA>
  <OMS name="mapsto" cd="sts"/>
  <OMA>
   <OMS name="nassoc" cd="sts"/> 
   <OMV name="AbelianSemiGroup"/>
  </OMA>
  <OMV name="AbelianSemiGroup"/>
 </OMA>
</OMOBJ>
</Signature>

4.4.2 CDGroups

The CD Group mechanism is a convenience mechanism for identifying collections of CDs. A CD Group file is an XML document used in the (static or dynamic) negotiation phase where communicating applications declare and agree on the Content Dictionaries which they process. It is a complement, or an alternative, to the individual declaration of Content Dictionaries understood by an application. Note that CD Groups do not affect the OpenMath objects themselves. Symbols in an object always refer to content dictionaries, not groups.

For an application to declare that it "understands CDGroup G" is exactly equivalent to, and interchangeable with, the declaration that it "understands Content Dictionaries x1, x2, … xn", where x1, … xn are the members of CDGroup G.

4.4.2.1 The Specification of CDGroups

CDGroups are XML documents, hence a valid CDGroup should

be valid according to the DTDschema given in Figure 5.1,
adhere to the extra conditions on the content of the elements given in Section 4.4.2.2.

Apart from some header information such as CDGroupName and CDGroup version, a CDGroup is simply an unordered list of CDs, identified by name and optionally version number and URL.


# Schema for OpenMath CD groups

# info on the CD group itself

default namespace = "http://www.openmath.org/OpenMathCDG"

CDGroupName = element CDGroupName { xsd:NCName }
CDGroupVersion = element CDGroupVersion { xsd:nonNegativeInteger }
CDGroupRevision = element CDGroupRevision { xsd:nonNegativeInteger }
CDGroupURL = element CDGroupURL { text }
CDGroupDescription = element CDGroupDescription { text }
# info on the CDs in the group
CDComment = element CDComment { text }
CDGroupMember =
  element CDGroupMember {
    CDComment?, CDName, CDVersion?, CDURL?
  }
CDName = element CDName { xsd:NCName }
CDVersion = element CDVersion { xsd:nonNegativeInteger }
CDURL = element CDURL { text }
# structure of the group
CDGroup =
  element CDGroup {
    CDGroupName,
    CDGroupVersion,
    CDGroupRevision?,
    CDGroupURL,
    CDGroupDescription,
    (CDGroupMember | CDComment)*
  }
start = CDGroup

Figure 5.1 DTDRelax NG Specification of CDGroups

4.4.2.2 Further Requirements of a CDGroup

The notion of being a valid CDGroup implies that the following requirements on the content of the elements described by the DTDschema given in Section 4.4.1.2 are also met.

CDGroup: The XML element CDGroup is the outermost element in a CDGroup document.
CDGroupName: The text occurring in the CDGroupName element corresponds to the name of the CDGroup. For the syntactical requirements, see CDName in Section 4.3.2.
CDGroupVersion
CDGroupRevision: The text occurring in these elements contains the major and minor version numbers of the CDGroup.
CDGroupURL: The text occurring in the CDGroupURL element identifies the location of the CDGroup file, not necessarily of the member Content Dictionaries. For the syntactical requirements, see CDURL in Section 4.3.2.
CDGroupDescription: The text occurring in the CDGroupDescription element describes the mathematical area of the CDGroup.
CDGroupMember: The XML element CDGroupMember encloses the data identifying each member of the CDGroup.
CDName: The text occurring in the CDName element corresponds to the name of a Content Dictionary in the CDGroup. For the syntactical requirements, see CDName in Section 4.3.2.
CDVersion: The text occurring in the CDVersion element identifies which version of the Content Dictionary is to be taken as member of the CDGroup. This element is optional. In case it is missing, the latest version is the one included in the CDGroup. For the syntactical requirements, see CDVersion in Section 4.3.2.
CDURL: The text occurring in the CDURL element identifies the location of the Content Dictionary to be taken as member of the CDGroup. This element is optional. In case it is missing, the location of the CDGroup identified by the element CDGroupURL is assumed. For the syntactical requirements, see CDURL in Section 4.3.2.
CDComment: See CDComment in Section 4.3.2.

4.5 Content Dictionaries Reviewing Process

The OpenMath Society is responsible for implementing a review and referee process to assess the accuracy of the mathematical content of Content Dictionaries. The status (see CDStatus) and/or the version number (see CDVersion ) of a Content Dictionary may change as a result of this review process.

Appendix A
CD Files

A.1 The meta Content Dictionary

<CD
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMathCD">

<CDComment>

     This document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 
     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 
     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

     The copyright holder grants you permission to redistribute this 
     document freely as a verbatim copy. Furthermore, the copyright
     holder permits you to develop any derived work from this document
     provided that the following conditions are met.
       a) The derived work acknowledges the fact that it is derived from
          this document, and maintains a prominent reference in the 
          work to the original source.
       b) The fact that the derived work is not the original OpenMath 
          document is stated prominently in the derived work.  Moreover if
          both this document and the derived work are Content Dictionaries
          then the derived work must include a different CDName element,
          chosen so that it cannot be confused with any works adopted by
          the OpenMath Society.  In particular, if there is a Content 
          Dictionary Group whose name is, for example, `math' containing
          Content Dictionaries named `math1', `math2' etc., then you should 
          not name a derived Content Dictionary `mathN' where N is an integer.
          However you are free to name it `private_mathN' or some such.  This
          is because the names `mathN' may be used by the OpenMath Society
          for future extensions.
       c) The derived work is distributed under terms that allow the
          compilation of derived works, but keep paragraphs a) and b)
          intact.  The simplest way to do this is to distribute the derived
          work under the OpenMath license, but this is not a requirement.
     If you have questions about this license please contact the OpenMath
     society at http://www.openmath.org.
</CDComment>


<CDName> meta </CDName>
<CDReviewDate>2006-03-30</CDReviewDate>
<CDDate>2004-03-30</CDDate>
<CDVersion>3</CDVersion>
<CDRevision>0</CDRevision>
<CDStatus> official </CDStatus>
<CDURL> http://www.openmath.org/cd/meta.ocd </CDURL>
<CDBase>http://www.openmath.org/cd</CDBase>

<Description> 
This is a content dictionary to represent content dictionaries, so
that they may be passed between OpenMath compliant application in a
similar way to mathematical objects.

The information written here is taken from chapter 4 of the current
draft of the "OpenMath Standard".
</Description>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> CD </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description>
The top level element for the Content Dictionary. It just acts
as a container for the elements described below.
</Description>
</CDDefinition>


<CDDefinition>
<Name> CDDefinition </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description>
This symbol is used to represent the element which contains the
definition of each symbol in a content dictionary. That is: it must
contain a 'Name' element and a 'Description' element, and it may contain
an arbitrary number of 'Example', 'FMP' or 'CMP' elements. 
</Description>
</CDDefinition>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> CDName </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description>
An element which contains the string corresponding to the name of the CD.
The string  must match the syntax for CD names given in the OpenMath
Standard. Here and elsewhere white space occurring at the beginning or
end of the string will be ignored.
</Description>
</CDDefinition>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> CDURL </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description>
An optional element.
If it is used it contains a string representing the URL where the
canonical reference copy of this CD is stored.
</Description>
</CDDefinition>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> CDBase </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description>
An optional element.
If it is used it contains a string representing the URI
to be used as the base for generated canonical URI references
for symbols in the CD.
</Description>
</CDDefinition>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> Example </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description>
An element which contains an arbitrary number of children,
each of which is either a string or an OpenMath Object.

These children give examples in natural language, or in OpenMath, of the
enclosing symbol definition.
</Description>
</CDDefinition>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> CDDate </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description>
An element which contains a date as a string in the ISO-8601
YYYY-MM-DD format. This gives the date at which the Content Dictionary
was last edited.
</Description>
</CDDefinition>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> CDVersion </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description>
An element which contains a version number for the CD.
This should be a non negative integer. Any change to the CD
that affects existing OpenMath applications that support this CD
should result in an increase in the version number.
</Description>
</CDDefinition>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> CDRevision </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description>
An element which contains a revision number (or minor version number)
This should be a non-negative integer starting from zero for each
new version. Additional examples  would be typical changes
to a CD requiring a new revision number.
</Description>
</CDDefinition>


<CDDefinition>
<Name> CDReviewDate </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description>
An element which contains a date as a string in the ISO-8601
YYYY-MM-DD format. This gives the date at which the Content Dictionary
is next scheduled for review. It should be expected to be stable
until at least this date.
</Description>
</CDDefinition>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> CDStatus </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description>
An element giving information on the status of the CD.
The content of the element must be one of the following strings.

official (approved by the OpenMath Society),

experimental (currently being tested),

private (used by a private group of OpenMath users), or

obsolete (an obsolete CD kept only for archival purposes).
</Description>
</CDDefinition>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> CDComment </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description>
This symbol is used to represent the element of a content dictionary which
explains some aspect of that content dictionary. It should have one string
argument which makes that explanation.
</Description>
</CDDefinition>



<CDDefinition>
<Name> CDUses </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description>
An element which contains zero or more CDNames which correspond
to the CDs that this CD depends on, i.e. uses in examples and FMPs. If
the CD is dependent on any other CDs they may be present here. 
</Description>
</CDDefinition>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> Description </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description>
An element which contains a string corresponding to the
description of either the CD or the symbol
(depending on which is the enclosing element).
</Description>
</CDDefinition>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> Name </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description>
An element containing the string  corresponding to the name of
the symbol being defined. This must match the syntax for
symbol names given in the OpenMath Standard. Here and elsewhere white
space occurring at the begining or end of the string will be ignored.
</Description>
</CDDefinition>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> Role </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description>
An element containing the string  corresponding to the role of
the symbol being defined.
</Description>
</CDDefinition>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> CMP </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description>
An optional element (which may be repeated many times) which contains
a string corresponding to a property of the symbol being
defined.
</Description>
</CDDefinition>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> FMP </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description>
An optional element which contains an OpenMath Object.
This corresponds to a property of the symbol being defined.
</Description>
</CDDefinition>

</CD>

A.2 The arith1 Content Dictionary File

<CD
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMathCD">

<CDComment>

     This document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 
     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 
     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

     The copyright holder grants you permission to redistribute this 
     document freely as a verbatim copy. Furthermore, the copyright
     holder permits you to develop any derived work from this document
     provided that the following conditions are met.
       a) The derived work acknowledges the fact that it is derived from
          this document, and maintains a prominent reference in the 
          work to the original source.
       b) The fact that the derived work is not the original OpenMath 
          document is stated prominently in the derived work.  Moreover if
          both this document and the derived work are Content Dictionaries
          then the derived work must include a different CDName element,
          chosen so that it cannot be confused with any works adopted by
          the OpenMath Society.  In particular, if there is a Content 
          Dictionary Group whose name is, for example, `math' containing
          Content Dictionaries named `math1', `math2' etc., then you should 
          not name a derived Content Dictionary `mathN' where N is an integer.
          However you are free to name it `private_mathN' or some such.  This
          is because the names `mathN' may be used by the OpenMath Society
          for future extensions.
       c) The derived work is distributed under terms that allow the
          compilation of derived works, but keep paragraphs a) and b)
          intact.  The simplest way to do this is to distribute the derived
          work under the OpenMath license, but this is not a requirement.
     If you have questions about this license please contact the OpenMath
     society at http://www.openmath.org.
</CDComment>

<CDName> arith1 </CDName>
<CDBase>http://www.openmath.org/cd</CDBase>
<CDURL> http://www.openmath.org/cd/arith1.ocd </CDURL>
<CDReviewDate>2006-03-30</CDReviewDate>
<CDStatus> official </CDStatus>
<CDDate>2004-03-30</CDDate>
<CDVersion>3</CDVersion>
<CDRevision>0</CDRevision>

<Description> 
This CD defines symbols for common arithmetic functions.
</Description>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> lcm </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description> 
The symbol to represent the n-ary function to return the least common
multiple of its arguments.
</Description>

<CMP> lcm(a,b) = a*b/gcd(a,b) </CMP>

<FMP>
<OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath" version="2.0" cdbase="http://www.openmath.org/cd">
  <OMA>
    <OMS cd="relation1" name="eq"/>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="arith1" name="lcm"/>
      <OMV name="a"/>
      <OMV name="b"/>
    </OMA>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="arith1" name="divide"/>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="arith1" name="times"/>
	<OMV name="a"/>
	<OMV name="b"/>
      </OMA>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="arith1" name="gcd"/>
        <OMV name="a"/>
        <OMV name="b"/>
      </OMA>
    </OMA>
  </OMA>
</OMOBJ>
</FMP>
<CMP>
for all integers a,b |
There does not exist a c&gt;0 such that c/a is an Integer and c/b is an
Integer and lcm(a,b) &gt; c.
</CMP>

<FMP>
<OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath" version="2.0" cdbase="http://www.openmath.org/cd">
<OMBIND>
  <OMS cd="quant1" name="forall"/>
  <OMBVAR>
    <OMV name="a"/>
    <OMV name="b"/>
  </OMBVAR>
  <OMA>
    <OMS cd="logic1" name="implies"/>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="logic1" name="and"/>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="set1" name="in"/>
	<OMV name="a"/>
	<OMS cd="setname1" name="Z"/>
      </OMA>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="set1" name="in"/>
	<OMV name="b"/>
	<OMS cd="setname1" name="Z"/>
      </OMA>
    </OMA>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="logic1" name="not"/>
      <OMBIND>
        <OMS cd="quant1" name="exists"/>
        <OMBVAR>
          <OMV name="c"/>
        </OMBVAR>
        <OMA>
          <OMS cd="logic1" name="and"/>
          <OMA>
            <OMS cd="relation1" name="gt"/>
              <OMV name="c"/>
              <OMI>0</OMI>
          </OMA>
          <OMA>
            <OMS cd="integer1" name="factorof"/>
              <OMV name="a"/>
              <OMV name="c"/>
          </OMA>
          <OMA>
            <OMS cd="integer1" name="factorof"/>
              <OMV name="b"/>
              <OMV name="c"/>
          </OMA>
          <OMA>
            <OMS cd="relation1" name="lt"/>
            <OMV name="c"/>
            <OMA>
              <OMS cd="arith1" name="lcm"/>
              <OMV name="a"/>
              <OMV name="b"/>
            </OMA>
          </OMA>
        </OMA>
      </OMBIND>
    </OMA>
  </OMA>
</OMBIND>
</OMOBJ>
</FMP>
</CDDefinition>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> gcd </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description> 
The symbol to represent the n-ary function to return the gcd (greatest
common divisor) of its arguments.
</Description>

<CMP>
for all integers a,b |
There does not exist a c such that a/c is an Integer and b/c is an
Integer and c &gt; gcd(a,b).

Note that this implies that gcd(a,b) &gt; 0
</CMP>

<FMP>
<OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath" version="2.0" cdbase="http://www.openmath.org/cd">
<OMBIND>
  <OMS cd="quant1" name="forall"/>
  <OMBVAR>
    <OMV name="a"/>
    <OMV name="b"/>
  </OMBVAR>
  <OMA>
    <OMS cd="logic1" name="implies"/>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="logic1" name="and"/>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="set1" name="in"/>
	<OMV name="a"/>
	<OMS cd="setname1" name="Z"/>
      </OMA>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="set1" name="in"/>
	<OMV name="b"/>
	<OMS cd="setname1" name="Z"/>
      </OMA>
    </OMA>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="logic1" name="not"/>
      <OMBIND>
        <OMS cd="quant1" name="exists"/>
        <OMBVAR>
          <OMV name="c"/>
        </OMBVAR>
        <OMA>
          <OMS cd="logic1" name="and"/>
          <OMA>
            <OMS cd="set1" name="in"/>
            <OMA>
              <OMS cd="arith1" name="divide"/>
              <OMV name="a"/>
              <OMV name="c"/>
            </OMA>
            <OMS cd="setname1" name="Z"/>
          </OMA>
          <OMA>
            <OMS cd="set1" name="in"/>
            <OMA>
              <OMS cd="arith1" name="divide"/>
              <OMV name="b"/>
              <OMV name="c"/>
            </OMA>
            <OMS cd="setname1" name="Z"/>
          </OMA>
          <OMA>
            <OMS cd="relation1" name="gt"/>
            <OMV name="c"/>
            <OMA>
              <OMS cd="arith1" name="gcd"/>
              <OMV name="a"/>
              <OMV name="b"/>
            </OMA>
          </OMA>
        </OMA>
      </OMBIND>
    </OMA>
  </OMA>
</OMBIND>
</OMOBJ>
</FMP>

<Example>
gcd(6,9) = 3
<OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath" version="2.0" cdbase="http://www.openmath.org/cd">
  <OMA>
    <OMS cd="relation1" name="eq"/>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="arith1" name="gcd"/>
      <OMI> 6 </OMI>
      <OMI> 9 </OMI>
    </OMA>
    <OMI> 3 </OMI>
  </OMA>
</OMOBJ>
</Example>
</CDDefinition>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> plus </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description>
The symbol representing an n-ary commutative function plus.
</Description>
<CMP> for all a,b | a + b = b + a </CMP>
<FMP>
<OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath" version="2.0" cdbase="http://www.openmath.org/cd">
  <OMBIND>
    <OMS cd="quant1" name="forall"/>
    <OMBVAR>
       <OMV name="a"/>
       <OMV name="b"/>
    </OMBVAR>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="relation1" name="eq"/>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="arith1" name="plus"/>
        <OMV name="a"/>
        <OMV name="b"/>
      </OMA>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="arith1" name="plus"/>
        <OMV name="b"/>
        <OMV name="a"/>
      </OMA>
    </OMA>
  </OMBIND>
</OMOBJ>
</FMP>
</CDDefinition>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> unary_minus </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description> 
This symbol denotes unary minus, i.e. the additive inverse.
</Description>
<CMP> for all a | a + (-a) = 0 </CMP>
<FMP>
<OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath" version="2.0" cdbase="http://www.openmath.org/cd">
  <OMBIND>
    <OMS cd="quant1" name="forall"/>
    <OMBVAR>
       <OMV name="a"/>
    </OMBVAR>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="relation1" name="eq"/>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="arith1" name="plus"/>
        <OMV name="a"/>
        <OMA>
           <OMS cd="arith1" name="unary_minus"/>
           <OMV name="a"/>
        </OMA>
      </OMA>
      <OMS cd="alg1" name="zero"/>
    </OMA>
  </OMBIND>
</OMOBJ>
</FMP>
</CDDefinition>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> minus </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description> 
The symbol representing a binary minus function. This is equivalent to
adding the additive inverse.
</Description>
<CMP> for all a,b | a - b = a + (-b) </CMP>
<FMP>
<OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath" version="2.0" cdbase="http://www.openmath.org/cd">
  <OMBIND>
    <OMS cd="quant1" name="forall"/>
    <OMBVAR>
       <OMV name="a"/>
       <OMV name="b"/>
    </OMBVAR>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="relation1" name="eq"/>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="arith1" name="minus"/>
        <OMV name="a"/>
        <OMV name="b"/>
      </OMA>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="arith1" name="plus"/>
        <OMV name="a"/>
        <OMA>
          <OMS cd="arith1" name="unary_minus"/>
          <OMV name="b"/>
        </OMA>
      </OMA>
    </OMA>
  </OMBIND>
</OMOBJ>
</FMP>
</CDDefinition>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> times </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description> 
The symbol representing an n-ary multiplication function.
</Description>
<Example>
<OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath" version="2.0" cdbase="http://www.openmath.org/cd">
<OMA>
  <OMS cd="relation1" name="eq"/>
  <OMA>
    <OMS cd="arith1" name="times"/>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="linalg2" name="matrix"/>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="linalg2" name="matrixrow"/>
        <OMI> 1 </OMI>
        <OMI> 2 </OMI>
      </OMA>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="linalg2" name="matrixrow"/>
        <OMI> 3 </OMI>
        <OMI> 4 </OMI>
      </OMA>
    </OMA>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="linalg2" name="matrix"/>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="linalg2" name="matrixrow"/>
        <OMI> 5 </OMI>
        <OMI> 6 </OMI>
      </OMA>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="linalg2" name="matrixrow"/>
        <OMI> 7 </OMI>
        <OMI> 8 </OMI>
      </OMA>
    </OMA>
  </OMA>
  <OMA>
    <OMS cd="linalg2" name="matrix"/>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="linalg2" name="matrixrow"/>
      <OMI> 19 </OMI>
      <OMI> 22 </OMI>
    </OMA>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="linalg2" name="matrixrow"/>
      <OMI> 43 </OMI>
      <OMI> 50 </OMI>
    </OMA>
  </OMA>
</OMA>
</OMOBJ>
</Example>
<CMP> for all a,b | a * 0 = 0 and a * b = a * (b - 1) + a </CMP>

<FMP><OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath" version="2.0" cdbase="http://www.openmath.org/cd">
<OMBIND>
  <OMS cd="quant1" name="forall"/>
  <OMBVAR>
    <OMV name="a"/>
    <OMV name="b"/>
  </OMBVAR>
  <OMA>
    <OMS cd="logic1" name="and"/>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="relation1" name="eq"/>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="arith1" name="times"/>
        <OMV name="a"/>
        <OMS cd="alg1" name="zero"/>
      </OMA>
      <OMS cd="alg1" name="zero"/>
    </OMA>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="relation1" name="eq"/>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="arith1" name="times"/>
	<OMV name="a"/>
	<OMV name="b"/>
      </OMA>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="arith1" name="plus"/>
	<OMA>
	  <OMS cd="arith1" name="times"/>
	  <OMV name="a"/>
	  <OMA>
	    <OMS cd="arith1" name="minus"/>
	    <OMV name="b"/>
	    <OMS cd="alg1" name="one"/>
	  </OMA>
	</OMA>
	<OMV name="a"/>
      </OMA>
    </OMA>
  </OMA>
</OMBIND>
</OMOBJ></FMP>

<CMP> for all a,b,c | a*(b+c) = a*b + a*c </CMP>
<FMP><OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath" version="2.0" cdbase="http://www.openmath.org/cd">
<OMBIND>
  <OMS cd="quant1" name="forall"/>
  <OMBVAR>
    <OMV name="a"/>
    <OMV name="b"/>
    <OMV name="c"/>
  </OMBVAR>
  <OMA>
    <OMS cd="relation1" name="eq"/>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="arith1" name="times"/>
      <OMV name="a"/>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="arith1" name="plus"/>
	<OMV name="b"/>
	<OMV name="c"/>
      </OMA>
    </OMA>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="arith1" name="plus"/>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="arith1" name="times"/>
	<OMV name="a"/>
	<OMV name="b"/>
      </OMA>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="arith1" name="times"/>
	<OMV name="a"/>
	<OMV name="c"/>
      </OMA>
    </OMA>
  </OMA>
</OMBIND>
</OMOBJ></FMP>
</CDDefinition>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> divide </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description>
This symbol represents a (binary) division function denoting the first argument
right-divided by the second, i.e. divide(a,b)=a*inverse(b). It is the
inverse of the multiplication function defined by the symbol times in this CD.
</Description>
<CMP> whenever not(a=0) then a/a = 1 </CMP>
<FMP>
<OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath" version="2.0" cdbase="http://www.openmath.org/cd">
  <OMBIND>
    <OMS cd="quant1" name="forall"/>
    <OMBVAR>
       <OMV name="a"/>
    </OMBVAR>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="logic1" name="implies"/>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="relation1" name="neq"/>
        <OMV name="a"/>
        <OMS cd="alg1" name="zero"/>
      </OMA>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="relation1" name="eq"/>
        <OMA>
          <OMS cd="arith1" name="divide"/>
          <OMV name="a"/>
          <OMV name="a"/>
        </OMA>
        <OMS cd="alg1" name="one"/>
      </OMA>
    </OMA>
  </OMBIND>
</OMOBJ>
</FMP>
</CDDefinition>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> power </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description>
This symbol represents a power function. The first argument is raised
to the power of the second argument. When the second argument is not
an integer, powering is defined in terms of exponentials and 
logarithms for the complex and real numbers.
This operator can represent general powering.
</Description>

<CMP>
x\in C implies x^a = exp(a ln x)
</CMP>

<FMP>
<OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath" version="2.0" cdbase="http://www.openmath.org/cd">
  <OMA>
    <OMS cd="logic1" name="implies"/>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="set1" name="in"/>
      <OMV name="x"/>
      <OMS cd="setname1" name="C"/>
    </OMA>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="relation1" name="eq"/>
      <OMA>
        <OMS name="power" cd="arith1"/>
        <OMV name="x"/>
        <OMV name="a"/>
      </OMA>
      <OMA>
        <OMS name="exp" cd="transc1"/>
        <OMA>
          <OMS name="times" cd="arith1"/>
          <OMV name="a"/>
          <OMA>
            <OMS name="ln" cd="transc1"/>
            <OMV name="x"/>
          </OMA>
        </OMA>
      </OMA>
    </OMA>
  </OMA>
</OMOBJ>
</FMP>

<CMP>
  if n is an integer then
  x^0 = 1,
  x^n = x * x^(n-1)
</CMP>
<FMP>
<OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath" version="2.0" cdbase="http://www.openmath.org/cd">
  <OMA>
    <OMS cd="logic1" name="implies"/>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="set1" name="in"/>
      <OMV name="n"/>
      <OMS cd="setname1" name="Z"/>
    </OMA>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="logic1" name="and"/>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="relation1" name="eq"/>
        <OMA>
          <OMS cd="arith1" name="power"/>
          <OMV name="x"/>
          <OMI>0</OMI>
        </OMA>
        <OMS cd="alg1" name="one"/>
      </OMA>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="relation1" name="eq"/>
        <OMA>
          <OMS cd="arith1" name="power"/>
          <OMV name="x"/>
          <OMV name="n"/>
        </OMA>
        <OMA>
          <OMS cd="arith1" name="times"/>
          <OMV name="x"/>
          <OMA>
            <OMS cd="arith1" name="power"/>
            <OMV name="x"/>
            <OMA>
              <OMS cd="arith1" name="minus"/>
              <OMV name="n"/>
              <OMI>1</OMI>
            </OMA>
          </OMA>
        </OMA>
      </OMA>
    </OMA>
  </OMA>
</OMOBJ>
</FMP>
<Example>
<OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath" version="2.0" cdbase="http://www.openmath.org/cd">
<OMA>
  <OMS cd="relation1" name="eq"/>
  <OMA>
    <OMS cd="arith1" name="power"/>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="linalg2" name="matrix"/>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="linalg2" name="matrixrow"/>
        <OMI> 1 </OMI>
        <OMI> 2 </OMI>
      </OMA>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="linalg2" name="matrixrow"/>
        <OMI> 3 </OMI>
        <OMI> 4 </OMI>
      </OMA>
    </OMA>
    <OMI>3</OMI>
  </OMA>
  <OMA>
    <OMS cd="linalg2" name="matrix"/>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="linalg2" name="matrixrow"/>
      <OMI> 37 </OMI>
      <OMI> 54 </OMI>
    </OMA>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="linalg2" name="matrixrow"/>
      <OMI> 81 </OMI>
      <OMI> 118 </OMI>
    </OMA>
  </OMA>
</OMA>
</OMOBJ>
</Example>
<Example>
<OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath" version="2.0" cdbase="http://www.openmath.org/cd">
<OMA>
  <OMS cd="relation1" name="eq"/>
  <OMA>
    <OMS cd="arith1" name="power"/>
    <OMS cd="nums1" name="e"/>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="arith1" name="times"/>
      <OMS cd="nums1" name="i"/>
      <OMS cd="nums1" name="pi"/>
    </OMA>
  </OMA>
  <OMA>
    <OMS cd="arith1" name="unary_minus"/>
    <OMS cd="alg1" name="one"/>
  </OMA>
</OMA>
</OMOBJ>
</Example>
</CDDefinition>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> abs </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description> 
A unary operator which represents the absolute value of its
argument. The argument should be numerically valued.
In the complex case this is often referred to as the modulus.
</Description>
<CMP> for all x,y | abs(x) + abs(y) &gt;= abs(x+y) </CMP>
<FMP>
<OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath" version="2.0" cdbase="http://www.openmath.org/cd">
  <OMBIND>
    <OMS cd="quant1" name="forall"/>
    <OMBVAR>
      <OMV name="x"/>
      <OMV name="y"/>
    </OMBVAR>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="relation1" name="geq"/>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="arith1" name="plus"/>
        <OMA>
          <OMS cd="arith1" name="abs"/>
            <OMV name="x"/>
        </OMA>
        <OMA>
          <OMS cd="arith1" name="abs"/>
            <OMV name="y"/>
        </OMA>
      </OMA>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="arith1" name="abs"/>
        <OMA>
          <OMS cd="arith1" name="plus"/>
          <OMV name="x"/>
          <OMV name="y"/>
        </OMA>
      </OMA>
    </OMA>
  </OMBIND>
</OMOBJ>
</FMP>
</CDDefinition>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> root </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description> 
A binary operator which represents its first argument "lowered" to its
n'th root where n is the second argument. This is the inverse of the operation
represented by the power symbol defined in this CD.

Care should be taken as to the precise meaning of this operator, in
particular which root is represented, however it is here to represent
the general notion of taking n'th roots. As inferred by the signature
relevant to this symbol, the function represented by this symbol is
the single valued function, the specific root returned is the one
indicated by the first CMP. Note also that the converse of the second
CMP is not valid in general.
</Description>

<CMP> x\in C implies root(x,n) = exp(ln(x)/n) </CMP>
<FMP>
  <OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath" version="2.0" cdbase="http://www.openmath.org/cd">
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="logic1" name="implies"/>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="set1" name="in"/>
        <OMV name="x"/>
        <OMS cd="setname1" name="C"/>
      </OMA>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="relation1" name="eq"/>
        <OMA>
          <OMS cd="arith1" name="root"/>
          <OMV name="x"/>
          <OMV name="n"/>          
        </OMA>
        <OMA>
          <OMS name="exp" cd="transc1"/>
          <OMA>
            <OMS name="divide" cd="arith1"/>
            <OMA>
              <OMS name="ln" cd="transc1"/>
              <OMV name="x"/>
            </OMA>
            <OMV name="n"/>          
          </OMA>
        </OMA>
      </OMA>
    </OMA>
  </OMOBJ>
</FMP>

<CMP> for all a,n | power(root(a,n),n) = a (if the root exists!) </CMP>
<FMP>
  <OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath" version="2.0" cdbase="http://www.openmath.org/cd">
    <OMBIND>
      <OMS cd="quant1" name="forall"/>
      <OMBVAR>
         <OMV name="a"/>
         <OMV name="n"/>
      </OMBVAR>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="relation1" name="eq"/>
        <OMA>
          <OMS cd="arith1" name="power"/>
          <OMA>
            <OMS cd="arith1" name="root"/>
            <OMV name="a"/>
            <OMV name="n"/>
          </OMA>
          <OMV name="n"/>
        </OMA>
        <OMV name="a"/>
      </OMA>
    </OMBIND>
  </OMOBJ>
</FMP>
</CDDefinition>




<CDDefinition>
<Name> sum </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description>
An operator taking two arguments, the first being the range of summation,
e.g. an integral interval, the second being the function to be
summed. Note that the sum may be over an infinite interval.
</Description>
<Example>
  This represents the summation of the reciprocals of all the integers between
  1 and 10 inclusive.
<OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath" version="2.0" cdbase="http://www.openmath.org/cd">
  <OMA>
    <OMS cd="arith1" name="sum"/>
      <OMA>
        <OMS cd="interval1" name="integer_interval"/>
        <OMI> 1 </OMI>
        <OMI> 10 </OMI>
      </OMA>
    <OMBIND>
      <OMS cd="fns1" name="lambda"/>
        <OMBVAR>
          <OMV name="x"/>
        </OMBVAR>
        <OMA>
          <OMS cd="arith1" name="divide"/>
          <OMI> 1 </OMI>
          <OMV name="x"/>
        </OMA>
    </OMBIND>
  </OMA>
</OMOBJ>
</Example>
</CDDefinition>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> product </Name>
<Role>application</Role>
<Description>
An operator taking two arguments, the first being the range of multiplication
e.g. an integral interval, the second being the function to
be multiplied. Note that the product may be over an infinite interval. 
</Description>
<Example>
This represents the statement that the factorial of n is equal to the product
of all the integers between 1 and n inclusive.
<OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath" version="2.0" cdbase="http://www.openmath.org/cd">
  <OMA>
    <OMS cd="relation1" name="eq"/>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="integer1" name="factorial"/>
      <OMV name="n"/>
    </OMA>
    <OMA>
      <OMS cd="arith1" name="product"/>
        <OMA>
          <OMS cd="interval1" name="integer_interval"/>
          <OMI> 1 </OMI>
          <OMV name="n"/>
        </OMA>
      <OMBIND>
        <OMS cd="fns1" name="lambda"/>
          <OMBVAR>
            <OMV name="i"/>
          </OMBVAR>
          <OMV name="i"/>
      </OMBIND>
    </OMA>
  </OMA>
</OMOBJ>
</Example>
</CDDefinition>

</CD>

A.3 The arith1 STS Signature File

<CDSignatures
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMathCDS" type="sts" cd="arith1">

  <CDSComment>
    Date:  1999-11-26
    Author: David Carlisle
  </CDSComment>
  
  <Signature name="lcm">
    <OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath">
      <OMA>
        <OMS name="mapsto" cd="sts"/>
        <OMA>
          <OMS name="nassoc" cd="sts"/>
          <OMV name="SemiGroup"/>
        </OMA>
        <OMV name="SemiGroup"/>
      </OMA>
    </OMOBJ>
  </Signature>
  
  <Signature name="gcd">
    <OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath">
      <OMA>
        <OMS name="mapsto" cd="sts"/>
        <OMA>
          <OMS name="nassoc" cd="sts"/>
          <OMV name="SemiGroup"/>
        </OMA>
        <OMV name="SemiGroup"/>
      </OMA>
    </OMOBJ>
  </Signature>
  
  <Signature name="plus">
    <OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath">
      <OMA>
        <OMS name="mapsto" cd="sts"/>
        <OMA>
          <OMS name="nassoc" cd="sts"/> 
          <OMV name="AbelianSemiGroup"/>
        </OMA>
        <OMV name="AbelianSemiGroup"/>
      </OMA>
    </OMOBJ>
  </Signature>
  
  <Signature name="unary_minus">
    <OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath">
      <OMA>
        <OMS name="mapsto" cd="sts"/>
        <OMV name="AbelianGroup"/> 
        <OMV name="AbelianGroup"/> 
      </OMA>
    </OMOBJ>
  </Signature>
  
  <Signature name="minus">
    <OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath">
      <OMA>
        <OMS name="mapsto" cd="sts"/>
        <OMV name="AbelianGroup"/> 
        <OMV name="AbelianGroup"/> 
        <OMV name="AbelianGroup"/> 
      </OMA>
    </OMOBJ>
  </Signature>
  
  <Signature name="times">
    <OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath">
      <OMA>
        <OMS name="mapsto" cd="sts"/>
        <OMA>
          <OMS name="nassoc" cd="sts"/> 
          <OMV name="SemiGroup"/>
        </OMA>
        <OMV name="SemiGroup"/>
      </OMA>
    </OMOBJ>
  </Signature>
  
  <Signature name="divide">
    <OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath">
      <OMA>
        <OMS name="mapsto" cd="sts"/>
        <OMV name="AbelianGroup"/> 
        <OMV name="AbelianGroup"/> 
        <OMV name="AbelianGroup"/> 
      </OMA>
    </OMOBJ>
  </Signature>
  
  <Signature name="power">
    <OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath">
      <OMA>
        <OMS name="mapsto" cd="sts"/>
        <OMS name="NumericalValue" cd="sts"/> 
        <OMS name="NumericalValue" cd="sts"/> 
        <OMS name="NumericalValue" cd="sts"/> 
      </OMA>
    </OMOBJ>
  </Signature>
  
  <Signature name="abs">
    <OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath">
      <OMA>
        <OMS name="mapsto" cd="sts"/>
        <OMS name="C" cd="setname1"/> 
        <OMS name="R" cd="setname1"/> 
      </OMA>
    </OMOBJ>
  </Signature>
  
  <Signature name="root">
    <OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath">
      <OMA>
        <OMS name="mapsto" cd="sts"/>
        <OMS name="NumericalValue" cd="sts"/> 
        <OMS name="NumericalValue" cd="sts"/> 
        <OMS name="NumericalValue" cd="sts"/> 
      </OMA>
    </OMOBJ>
  </Signature>
  
  
  <Signature name="sum">
    <OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath">
      <OMA>
        <OMS name="mapsto" cd="sts"/>
        <OMV name="IntegerRange"/>
        <OMA>
          <OMS name="mapsto" cd="sts"/>
          <OMS name="Z" cd="setname1"/>
          <OMV name="AbelianMonoid"/>
        </OMA>
        <OMV name="AbelianMonoid"/>
      </OMA>
    </OMOBJ>
  </Signature>
  
  <Signature name="product">
    <OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath">
      <OMA>
        <OMS name="mapsto" cd="sts"/>
        <OMV name="IntegerRange"/>
        <OMA>
          <OMS name="mapsto" cd="sts"/>
          <OMS name="Z" cd="setname1"/>
          <OMV name="AbelianMonoid"/>
        </OMA>
        <OMV name="AbelianMonoid"/>
      </OMA>
    </OMOBJ>
  </Signature>
  
</CDSignatures>

A.4 The MathML CDGroup

<CDGroup
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMathCDG">
<CDGroupName>mathml</CDGroupName>
  <CDGroupVersion> 2 </CDGroupVersion>
  <CDGroupRevision> 0 </CDGroupRevision>
  <CDGroupURL>
    http://www.openmath.org/cdfiles/cdgroups/mathml.cdg</CDGroupURL>
  <CDGroupDescription> MathML compatibility CD Group </CDGroupDescription>
  <CDComment>Algebra</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>alg1</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/alg1.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>Arithmetic</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>arith1</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/arith1.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>Constructor for Floating Point Numbers</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>bigfloat1</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/bigfloat1.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>Calculus</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>calculus1</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/calculus1.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>Operations on and constructors for complex numbers</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>complex1</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/complex1.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>Functions on functions</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>fns1</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/fns1.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>Integer arithmetic</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>integer1</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/integer1.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>Intervals</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>interval1</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/interval1.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>Linear Algebra - vector &amp; matrix constructors,
             those symbols which are independent of orientation,
             but in MathML</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>linalg1</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/linalg1.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>Linear Algebra - vector &amp; matrix constructors,
             those symbols which are dependent of orientation,
             and in MathML</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>linalg2</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/linalg2.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>Limits of unary functions</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>limit1</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/limit1.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>List constructors</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>list1</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/list1.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>Basic logical operators</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>logic1</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/logic1.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>
    MathML Numerical Types
  </CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>mathmltypes</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/mathmltypes.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>Minima and maxima</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>minmax1</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/minmax1.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>Multset-theoretic operators and constructors</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>multiset1</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/multiset1.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>Symbols for creating numbers, including some defined constants
    (which can be seen as nullary constructors)</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>nums1</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/nums1.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>Symbols for creating piecewise definitions</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>piece1</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/piece1.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>The basic quantifiers forall and exists.</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>quant1</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/quant1.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>Common arithmetic relations</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>relation1</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/relation1.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>Number sets</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>setname1</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/setname1.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>Rounding</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>rounding1</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/rounding1.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>Set-theoretic operators and constructors</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>set1</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/set1.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>Basic data orientated statistical operators</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>s_data1</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/s_data1.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>Basic random variable orientated statistical operators</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>s_dist1</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/s_dist1.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>Basic transcendental functions</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>transc1</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/transc1.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>Vector calculus functions</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>veccalc1</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/veccalc1.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
  <CDComment>Alternative encoding symbols for compatibility with the MathML
    Semantic mapping constructs.</CDComment>
  <CDGroupMember>
    <CDName>altenc</CDName>
    <CDURL>http://www.openmath.org/cd/altenc.ocd</CDURL>
  </CDGroupMember>
</CDGroup>

A.5 The error Content Dictionary

<CD
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMathCD">

<CDComment>

     This document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 
     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 
     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

     The copyright holder grants you permission to redistribute this 
     document freely as a verbatim copy. Furthermore, the copyright
     holder permits you to develop any derived work from this document
     provided that the following conditions are met.
       a) The derived work acknowledges the fact that it is derived from
          this document, and maintains a prominent reference in the 
          work to the original source.
       b) The fact that the derived work is not the original OpenMath 
          document is stated prominently in the derived work.  Moreover if
          both this document and the derived work are Content Dictionaries
          then the derived work must include a different CDName element,
          chosen so that it cannot be confused with any works adopted by
          the OpenMath Society.  In particular, if there is a Content 
          Dictionary Group whose name is, for example, `math' containing
          Content Dictionaries named `math1', `math2' etc., then you should 
          not name a derived Content Dictionary `mathN' where N is an integer.
          However you are free to name it `private_mathN' or some such.  This
          is because the names `mathN' may be used by the OpenMath Society
          for future extensions.
       c) The derived work is distributed under terms that allow the
          compilation of derived works, but keep paragraphs a) and b)
          intact.  The simplest way to do this is to distribute the derived
          work under the OpenMath license, but this is not a requirement.
     If you have questions about this license please contact the OpenMath
     society at http://www.openmath.org.
</CDComment>

<CDName> error </CDName>
<CDBase>http://www.openmath.org/cd</CDBase>
<CDURL> http://www.openmath.org/cd/error.ocd </CDURL>
<CDReviewDate>2006-03-30</CDReviewDate>
<CDStatus> official </CDStatus>
<CDDate>2004-03-30</CDDate>
<CDVersion>3</CDVersion>
<CDRevision>0</CDRevision>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> unhandled_symbol </Name>
<Role>error</Role>
<Description>
This symbol represents the error which is raised when an application
reads a symbol which is present in the mentioned content
dictionary, but which it has not implemented.

When receiving such a symbol, the application should act as if it had
received the OpenMath error object constructed from unhandled_symbol
and the unhandled symbol as in the example below.
</Description>

<Example>
The application does not implement the Complex numbers:
<OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath" version="2.0" cdbase="http://www.openmath.org/cd">
  <OME>
    <OMS cd="error" name="unhandled_symbol"/>
    <OMS cd="setname1" name="C"/>
  </OME>
</OMOBJ>
</Example>
</CDDefinition>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> unexpected_symbol </Name>
<Role>error</Role>
<Description>
This symbol represents the error which is raised when an application
reads a symbol which is not present in the mentioned content dictionary.

When receiving such a symbol, the application should act as if it had
received the OpenMath error object constructed from unexpected_symbol
and the unexpected symbol as in the example below.
</Description>
<Example>
The application received a mistyped symbol
<OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath" version="2.0" cdbase="http://www.openmath.org/cd">
  <OME>
    <OMS cd="error" name="unexpected_symbol"/>
    <OMS cd="arith1" name="plurse"/>
  </OME>
</OMOBJ>
</Example>
</CDDefinition>

<CDDefinition>
<Name> unsupported_CD </Name>
<Role>error</Role>
<Description>
This symbol represents the error which is raised when an application
reads a symbol where the mentioned content dictionary is not
present.

When receiving such a symbol, the application should act as if it had
received the OpenMath error object constructed from unsupported_CD and
the symbol from the unsupported Content Dictionary as in the example
below.
</Description>
<Example>
The application does not know about the CD specfun1
<OMOBJ
 xmlns="http://www.openmath.org/OpenMath" version="2.0" cdbase="http://www.openmath.org/cd">
  <OME>
    <OMS cd="error" name="unsupported_CD"/>
    <OMS cd="specfun1" name="BesselJ"/>
  </OME>
</OMOBJ>
</Example>
</CDDefinition>

</CD>

Name	→	NameStartChar (NameChar)*
NameStartChar	→	":" \| [A-Z] \| "_" \| [a-z] \| [#xC0-#xD6] \| [#xD8-#xF6] \|
		[#xF8-#x2FF] \| [#x370-#x37D] \| [#x37F-#x1FFF] \|
		[#x200C-#x200D] \| [#x2070-#x218F] \| [#x2C00-#x2FEF] \|
		[#x3001-#xD7FF] \| [#xF900-#xFDCF] \| [#xFDF0-#xFFFD] \|
		[#x10000-#xEFFFF]
NameChar	→	NameStartChar \| "-" \| "." \| [0-9] \| #xB7 \| [#x0300-#x036F] \|
		[#x203F-#x2040]

Name	→	(PosixLetter \| '_') (Char)*
Char	→	PosixLetter \| Digit \| '.' \| '-' \| '_'
PosixLetter	→	'a' \| 'b' \| ... \| 'z' \| 'A' \| 'B' \| ... \| 'Z'

S	→	(space \| tab \| cr \| nl)+
integer	→	(`-` S?)? [0-9]+ (S [0-9]+)* \| (`-` S?)? `x` S? [0-9A-F]+ (S [0-9A-F]+)*
cdname	→	[a-z][a-z0-9`_`]*
symbname	→	[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9`_`]*
fpdec	→	(`-`?)([0-9]+)?(`.`[0-9]+)?(`e`([+-]?)[0-9]+)?
fphex	→	[0-9ABCDEF]+
varname	→	([A-Za-z0-9+=(),-./:?!#$%*;@[]^_`{\|}])+
base64	→	([A-Za-z0-9 +/=] \| S)+
char	→	XML Character Data

symbnameatt	→	`name` S? = S? (`"` symbname `"` `\|` `'` symbname `'`)
cdnameatt	→	`cd` S? = S? (`"` cdname `"` `\|` `'` cdname `'`)
varnameatt	→	`name` S? = S? (`"` varname `"` `\|` `'` varname `'`)
fpdecatt	→	`dec` S? = S? (`"` fpdec `"` `\|` `'` fpdec `'`)
fphexatt	→	`hex` S? = S? (`"` fphex `"` `\|` `'` fphex `'`)
PI	→	<`?` char `?>`
comment	→	<`!--` char `-->`
SC	→	S+ `\|` (comment S)+
start	→	(SC `\|` PI)* `<OMOBJ` S?`>` S? object S? `</OMOBJ` S?`>`
symbol	→	`<OMS` [[(S symbnameatt) (S cdnameatt) ]] S? `/>`
variable	→	`<OMV` varnameatt S? `/>`
	\|	`<OMATTRx` S?`>` SC? omatp SC? variable SC? `</OMATTR` S?`>`
omatp	→	`<OMATP` S?`>` SC? attrs SC? `</#1` S?`>`
object	→	symbol
	\|	variable
	\|	`<OMI` S `>` S? integer S? `</OMI` S?`>`
	\|	`<OMF` S fpdecatt S?`/>`
	\|	`<OMF` S fphexatt S?`/>`
	\|	`<OMSTR` S?`>` char `</OMSTR` S?`>`
	\|	`<OMB` S?`>` base64 `</OMB` S?`>`
	\|	`<OMA` S?`>` SC? object SC? objects SC? `</OMA` S?`>`
	\|	`<OMBIND` S?`>` SC? object SC?
		`<OMBVAR` S?`>` SC? variables SC? `</OMBVAR` S?`>`
		SC? object SC? `</OMBIND` S?`>`
	\|	`<OME` S?`>` SC? symbol SC? objects SC? `</OME` S?`>`
	\|	`<OMATTR` S?`>` SC? `<OMATP` S?`>` SC? attrs SC? `</OMBVAR` S?`>`
		SC? object SC? `</OMATTR` S?`>`
attrs	→	symbol S? object
	\|	symbol S? object S? attrs
objects	→	SC?
	\|	object SC? objects
variables	→	SC?
	\|	variable SC? variables

The OpenMath Standard

Abstract

Change-marked edition notes

Contents

List of Figures

Chapter OpenMath Movement

.1 History

.2 OpenMath Society

Chapter 1Introduction to OpenMath

1.1 OpenMath Architecture

1.2 OpenMath Objects and Encodings

1.3 Content Dictionaries

1.4 Additional Files

1.5 Phrasebooks

Chapter 2OpenMath Objects

2.1 Formal Definition of OpenMath Objects

2.1.1 Basic OpenMath objects

2.1.2 Derived OpenMath Objects

2.1.3 CompoundOpenMath Objects

2.1.4 OpenMath Symbol Roles

2.2 Further Description of OpenMath Objects

2.3 Names

2.4 Summary

Chapter 3OpenMath Encodings

3.1 The XML Encoding

3.1.1 A GrammarSchema for the XML Encoding

3.1.2 Informal description of the GrammarXML Encoding

3.1.3 Some Notes on References

3.1.3.1 An Acyclicity Constraint

3.1.3.2 Sharing and Bound Variables

3.1.4 Embedding OpenMath in XML Documents

3.2 The Binary Encoding

3.2.1 A Grammar for the Binary Encoding

3.2.2 Description of the Grammar

3.2.3 Example of Binary Encoding

3.2.4 Sharing

3.2.4.1 Sharing in Objects beginning with the identifier [24]

3.2.4.2 Sharing with References (beginning with [24+64])

3.2.5 Implementation Note

3.2.6 Relation to the OpenMath 1 binary encoding

3.3 Summary

Chapter 4Content Dictionaries

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Abstract Content Dictionaries

4.2.1 Content Dictionary Status

4.2.2 Content Dictionary Version Numbers

4.3 The XMLReference Encoding for Content Dictionaries

4.3.1 The Relax NG Schema for Content Dictionaries

The DTD Specification of Content Dictionaries

4.3.2 Further Requirements of an OpenMath Content DictionaryDescription of the CD Schema

4.4 Additional Information

4.4.1 Signature FilesDictionaries

The DTD Specification of Signature Files

4.4.1.1 Further RequirementsAbstract Specification of a Signature Dictionary

4.4.1.2 A Relax NG Schema for a Signature Dictionary

4.4.1.3 Examples

4.4.2 CDGroups

4.4.2.1 The Specification of CDGroups

4.4.2.2 Further Requirements of a CDGroup

4.5 Content Dictionaries Reviewing Process

Chapter 5OpenMath Compliance

5.1 Encodings

5.1.1 The XML Encoding

5.1.1.1 Generating Valid XML

5.1.1.2 Decimal versus Hexadecimal Float Representation

5.2 OpenMath Foreign Objects

5.3 Content Dictionaries

5.4 Lexical Errors

5.5 OpenMath 1 Objects

Chapter Conclusion

Appendix ACD Files

A.1 The meta Content Dictionary

A.2 The arith1 Content Dictionary File

A.3 The arith1 STS Signature File

A.4 The MathML CDGroup

A.5 The error Content Dictionary

Appendix BOpenMath Schema in Relax NG XML Syntax (Normative)

Appendix CRestricting the OpenMath Schema (Non-Normative)

Appendix DOpenMath Schema in XSD Syntax (Non-Normative)

Chapter
OpenMath Movement

Chapter 1
Introduction to OpenMath

Chapter 2
OpenMath Objects

Chapter 3
OpenMath Encodings

Chapter 4
Content Dictionaries

Chapter 5
OpenMath Compliance

Chapter
Conclusion

Appendix A
CD Files

Appendix B
OpenMath Schema in Relax NG XML Syntax (Normative)

Appendix C
Restricting the OpenMath Schema (Non-Normative)

Appendix D
OpenMath Schema in XSD Syntax (Non-Normative)